Bp Energy Company Focuses Primarily On Petroleum Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2771 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Executive Summary BP is an energy company that focuses primarily on petroleum, with a minor interest in alternative energy. However, due to recent accidents in the petroleum sector, the BP name has been blemished. With the finite supply of crude oil, it is also becoming necessary for an oil company to consider other investments. Because it has been successful in improving BPs reputation before, it may be strategic to reposition BP and place greater emphasis on alternative energy development. Although oil remains profitable, increasing public concerns of the negative environmental impacts and of the dependence on oil have changed the energy market. The alternative energy market is not as profitable as the oil industry, but an increasing need to invest in alternative energy makes it a potential market in the future.1 Recognizing this, BP entered the solar market in 1973.2 BP, however, does not gain a competitive advantage from its expertise in oil to help them succeed in the solar industry. It is impo rtant for BP, therefore, to consider whether it would be in their best interest to exit the solar industry, or whether BP has any competitive advantage to stay. This plan will show that BP can become the leader of the solar industry. It needs to, however, exit other alternative energy markets, educate the public and aggressively advertise, lobby the government, and invest in improving the technology of solar cells. Introduction The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, formed in 1908, was renamed The British Petroleum Company, shorten to BP, in 1954. In 1998, British Petroleum merged with Amoco and dropped the name British Petroleum to become known as simply BP.3 One of the worlds largest integrated oil concern; BP would adopt a surprising re-positioning strategy in 1997 when Lord John Browne, group chief executive, acknowledged that BP needed to address the threat of global warming. Distinguishing itself from other oil companies, BPs reputation benefited from this new position and had b een able to sustain this difference ever since. Although the oil industry is usually considered the bad guy, BP lead the list of Fortune magazines Global 100 companies on corporate responsibility with the tagline Beyond Petroleum, BP created the subsidiary BP Solar International that focused on solar energy. Due to the recent success of BP Solar, in 2005 BP invested $1.8 billion in BP Alternative Energy, which focused on hydrogen, solar, and wind power generation. BP p.l.c is a global oilÂÂ  andÂÂ  gasÂÂ  company headquartered inÂÂ  London, United Kingdom It is the third-largest energy company and fourth-largest company in the world measured by revenues and one of the six oil and gas super majors.ÂÂ  It isÂÂ  vertically integratedÂÂ  and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, includingÂÂ  explorationÂÂ  andÂÂ  production,ÂÂ  refining, distribution and marketing petrochemicalsÂÂ  powerÂÂ  and trading . It also has majorÂÂ  renewable energyÂÂ  activities, including inÂÂ  befouls,ÂÂ  hydrogen,ÂÂ  solarÂÂ  andÂÂ  wind power BP has operations in over 80 countries, produces around 3.8 millionÂÂ  barrelsÂÂ  per day and has 22,400 service stations worldwide.ÂÂ  Its largest division is BP America, which is the biggest producer of oil and gas in theÂÂ  United statesÂÂ  and is headquartered inÂÂ  Houston,ÂÂ  TexasÂÂ  As at 31 December 2009 it had total proven commercial reserves of 18.3 billion barrels of oil equivalent.]ÂÂ  The name BP derives from the initials of one of the companys former legal names, British Petroleum. BPs track record ofÂÂ  corporate social responsibility has been mixed. The company has been involved in a number of major environmental and safety incidents and received criticism for its political influence. Its primary listing is on the London stock exchangeÂÂ  and it is a constituent of theÂÂ  FTSE 100 index. It has a secondary listing on theÂÂ  New York Stock exchange Literature review Porter five forces model Entry As of now, the solar cell industry outlook is very different across geographical market sectors (se. Since the incentive to enter depends on the profitability of the venture in the sector, we will discuss each sector individually. The U.S. Market- The solar industry has not been promoted heavily in the United States due to the lack of enthusiasm of the national government. Efforts for solar panel installations, such as giving tax credits and property tax exemptions, are concentrated at the state level in selected states such as California and Arizona.12 Overall, the U.S. market is scattered so it is difficult to get a national business thriving. There are many small independent companies, but few major domestic players. Consequently, the U.S. does not have a large market share in PV cells production (see Figur e 5). Currently the market is unprofitable and does not encourage many new entrants. Even foreign companies that have experienced success in Japan and Germany are hesitant to break into the U.S. market; lack of familiarity in U.S. operations and uncertainty in demands dissuade them from devoting money for the high shipping costs and tariffs. However, BP already has a familiar base in the U.S. due to its expanding petroleum market; it has the potential to penetrate and develop a localized monopoly over the solar industry In addition, the Bush administration has just recently recognized the need to devote research and development into renewable energy; this provides hope that U.S. will be more receptive to solar energy in the future.13 The Germany Market- The market in Germany is more active and rapidly evolving. The photovoltaic solar cell industry is a very new and growing industry and is one that has the potential to encourage entrants readily. The government is in full support of this technology, especially with the Renewable Energy Act (EEG), which guarantees large payback rates to operators of photovoltaic installations. As the location for the largest trade fair for Europes solar technology, Germany can be assured to keep up with the innovations.14 As a result, there are many opportunities for entrants to come in with better innovation and win over the market. The potential for product differentiation is great because the technology has many far-reaching consequences: the products can target a variety of consumers, from designing large-scale solar panel systems used to generate electric power for firms focusing on the everyday consumer that can buy small solar appliances to use for the home. The major players in the market are just starting to emerge, but no one has yet a large enough corporation and production capacity to drive out smaller competitions by economies of scale. BP Solar has its base in the European market and can use its position as a la rge corporation to prevent entry. The Japan Market- The Japanese market is nearing its saturation point and that discourages entrants to the market. The demand for the product has increasing every year, with installations of PV panels in residential homes becoming more and more prevalent; so many companies have been attracted by the profitability. This led to a decrease in governmental rebates for these installations. Major players have developed in this market, mainly Sharp and Kyocera Solar, with sharp controlling the market share.15 A more general barrier to entry in all three market sectors is the scarcity of silicon. There is a global shortage of ultrapure polysilicon (the raw material for silicon wafers), which is a major component in the making of PV cells.16 Buyer and Supplier Bargaining Power The photovoltaic technology is not very well understood so there is a low concentration of consumer base. Nonetheless, due to the slow and limited production of the technol ogy, consumer demand still outpaced the supply. In 2005, 24 publicly traded solar companies sold out.17 As of now, buyers do not have much bargaining power due to the rarity of the product, but this will change as companies expand their manufacturing facilities and work towards mass production to bring down costs. On the other hand, the suppliers for the solar companies have a lot of bargaining power. The number of firms entering the solar industry business is increasing rapidly while the availability of supply is scarce. Even large firms have to wait up to 6 months for modules. As the firms frantically try to expand the product to meet the demand, they are faced with a shortage of silicon chips and modules, which lead to doubling of prices Companies such as BP, should devote research into using the silicon resources more efficiently to counter supplier bargaining power and lower manufacturing costs. Substitutes The major substitute for PV technology right now is the standard electricity produced by coal and natural gas. The threat from this substitute is great because it has been the main source of energy for household devices. The standard electricity is still much lower in cost than the PV cells so there is very little incentive for consumers to switch to solar technology. However, with development and research, firms are cutting the cost per watt of the PV cells by 5% a year and can continue to improve the cost to watt ratio significantly until it is comparable to that of standard electricity.18 Since natural gas and coal are limited in supply, their prices will eventually increase, causing demands for alternative energy sources such as solar cells to increase. However, solar cells are not the only alternative source for generating electricity. According to Energy Information Administration, solar only accounts for 0.2% of the renewable electricity produced in the United States. The biggest sector in the renewable energy area belongs to hydropower (7 5.2%).19 Hydropower plants, although more prevalent and cheap, have its shortcomings, including decreased water quality and negative effects upon natural wildlife habitats. Solar cells can play upon that weakness as one of the cleanest renewable energies currently known. Rivalry The current major players in this industry are Sharp, Kyocera Solar, Shell Solar and BP. Price rivalry is not significant amongst the firms because solar energy is already an expensive technology to produce. It will harm the industry to undercut prices, as the technology is not cheap and well understood enough that an increasing but small consumer demand will not compensate a reduction in price. In addition, the major players in the industry have separate geographical markets and not much overseas establishments. The high cost and the segregated consumer base minimize competition. Only with mass-production and increased popularity can price rivalry happen. Synergies A major problem with PV techno logy is the lack of electronic device compatible with the cells. Synergies can include selling adapters that allow the use of PV cells with household appliances. The solar company can also team up with other electronic corporations such as Sony to produce appliances that operate with PV cells. Other possible synergies are to integrate service with the product. Access to technical assistance is often a key for PV cell installations. Since it is a new technology, consumers will need a lot of guidance in installation and maintenance. BP has already incorporated service by providing installation and free check-ups with each purchase of its solar panels. C:UsersamitDownloadsimages.jpg SWOT Analysis Strengths One of BPs major strengths is that it is a major corporation with plenty of financial assets to back up its alternative energy research. In 2005, BP had profits of $22.341 billion.38 BP, relative to the small specialized alternative energy companies, has a great advantage as far as financial backing. BP has the capability to invest a great deal in research to improve alternative energy technology. BP recently signed a strategic joint venture to access Chinas expanding solar market and provide local manufacturing capacity.39 Since BP has been in the solar industry business for thirty years; it has the experience and is acquiring the technology it needs to be a major player in the solar industry. In 2004, the BP Solar business first became profitable. BP, with its Energy Max solar electric ground systems technology, which follows the path of the sun from east to west, maximizing the performance of the cells, provides for a good solar option to its customers. BP has provided a number of different companies and groups solar cells. In 2004, BP Solar provided the solar panels to a Whole Foods Inc. store in Edgewater, NJ, which became the first major retailer in the Northeast to use solar energy as a power source. BP provided the solar panels to the Uni ted States Marine Corps Air-Ground Combat center. Some other projects included the Lufthansa Terminal in the Munich, Germany airport and the Tennessee Valley Authority in Chattanooga, TN.41 BP has created a number of programs to increase public awareness of the need for solar energy. BP created the BP Solar Neighbours Program, where every time a celebrity has BP solar panels installed into their home, BP will donate a solar system to a low-income family living in South Central Los Angeles. BP has the opportunity to combine with celebrities to promote the use of solar cells. It also has the BP Solar Connection Program, which is designed to raise awareness in schools the immense benefits of clean alternative energy. Through programs like these, BP is increasing the awareness and therefore the demand of solar energy. BP Solar even donated panels to ABCs Emmy award-winning reality series Extreme-Makeover: Home Edition. Weaknesses Compared to alternative energy companies not in the oil industry, BP is at a disadvantage by its negative dirty oil image. In March of 2006, a major BP pipeline ruptured on the North Slope of Alaska spilling thousands of litters of crude oil into the Arctic Ocean. Accidents like these are negatively impacting the companies attempts to re-brand its image to a more environmentally friendly oil company. Environmentalists are calling BP out on the re-branding as just a way to green wash-giving a positive public image to unsound environmental practices-their public image. The BP brand is extremely strong for oil, but not nearly as much as it is for its alternative energy sector. The average person does not necessarily know that BP has entered into the solar energy market. Another major weakness of BP Solar is that the photovoltaic industry has very little in common with the petroleum industry. BP has perfected the ability to refine able to make chips, store energy in batteries and such. In entering the solar energy market, BP had n o competitive advantage over other companies to be able to use its vast knowledge in petroleum. Thus, it is extremely difficult for BP to create synergies between the oil side of the company and the solar side. Opportunities With its profits from oil, BP has a number of opportunities to invest and acquire more in the solar energy sector. BP has also begun to sell its photovoltaic cells and modules that provide power for homes at Home Depot. Currently, BP Solar has teamed up with Home Depot in offering a BP Solar Home Solutions in California, New Jersey, and Long Island, New York. The BP Solar Home Solution offers free in-home consultation, professional installation, and free six-month checkups. BP also offers a variety of services, such as someone who would help handle the paperwork, permitting application process, and rebates. The solar systems purchased include a five year full service warranty and a twenty five year limited warranty on the panels, which helps to reassure co nsumers on switching over to solar energy. BP can also sell to other home improvement stores such as Lowes and Ace. BP has a number of opportunities through the government to increase its profits. One such thing includes passing legislature that provides tax breaks to individuals and corporations that opt for alternative energy as a means of electricity. It can also encourage states like California, Arizona and Florida to pass a mandate that homes built after a certain year should be required to have some solar energy device. Though this would also be helping its rivals, it would still benefit BP Solar as well. BP has some opportunities to create synergies between the petroleum side of the business and the solar side. It can very well use solar energy to power its operations such as its business offices, plants, and even gas stations. If BP Solar improves the technology to make photovoltaic cells more cost efficient, it can very well create connections between the two sides of the company. Threats With many people realizing the need for alternative energy sources in the near future, there are a number of companies specializing in specific alternative energies, including specifically photovoltaic solar cells. BP, however, is extremely diversified and has its assets in a number of different products, with the obvious being oil, but in other alternative energies as well. The extreme diversification could possibly pose problems to BP in the future. Shell, another successful oil company has entered into the solar energy market, and it is currently one of the four major solar energy leaders along with BP Solar, Sharp, and Kyocera. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bp Energy Company Focuses Primarily On Petroleum Business Essay" essay for you Create order

The African Struggle Over Time - 1097 Words

The African struggle over time has been a topic discussed by many scholars. In Walter Rodney’s, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, he approaches the issue of how Africa’s power was stolen from them. Rodney focuses on the relationship between Africa and Europe and the effects of exploitation on the African people by, â€Å"reinforcing the conclusion that African development is possible only on the basis of a radical break with the international capitalist system.† The tone in which the book is wrote uses Marxism, which can be controversial, to focus more on economic and political theories. Rodney argues that if it wasn’t for this exploitation, African societies would not be impoverished today. Six chapters are used to explain the†¦show more content†¦In Chapter three Rodney focuses on the colonial period in which Africa helped develop the capitalist progression in Europe. â€Å"Colonialism was not merely a system of exploitation but one whose esse ntial purpose was to repatriate the profit to the so called mother land,† states Rodney. Chapter four gives an historical background of Africa in 1885 and emphasizes on the value that came from the enslavement of Africans. This time period holds a major significance to the underdevelopment of Africa because of the Berlin conference. Africa was then divided up due to the scramble in which Europeans fought over power. The fifth chapter argues that colonialism was the main factor in underveloping Africa as a whole. Rodney argues that colonialism only did one thing, and that was steal Africa’s resources and strip them of their land. Europeans took so much from the Africans and made sure to give nothing back which explains the type of relationship they had. In chapter six, Rodney argues against past scholars who believed that colonialism had valuable outcomes in the end. The author shows how the economic and political state Africa was left robbed due to colonialism, he then provides strategies to fight against the underdevelopment. It is clear that that Rodney is pushing his audience to understand that Europe should be held

Is Schizophrenia A Unique Mental Disorder - 1335 Words

One in four adults experience a mental health disorder every year. According to the Health Reference Series, schizophrenia affects 1.1% of the US population and the majority of those who suffer with schizophrenia go untreated or are unaware that they even have the disorder. Approximately 2,200,000 people in the United States suffer from schizophrenia, and they have a lifespan 20% shorter than those who do not have schizophrenia (Fentress, Moller 1). Schizophrenia is a unique mental disorder that is made up of distinctive characteristics, causes, signs and symptoms, and requires specific treatments. Blacks Medical Dictionary describes schizophrenia as â€Å"An overall title for a group of psychiatric disorders typified by disturbances in†¦show more content†¦Exposure to certain viruses, malnutrition during fetal development, and severe complications during childbirth can increase the chances of someone developing schizophrenia later in life (Richards 1). Stressful situations and environments during prenatal development may also be linked to this serious illness. According to Dr. Peter Buckley, exposure to infections in the womb such as Rubella and Toxoplasmosis can also increase the chances of someone developing this mental illness. Although a specific cause cannot be determined, neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and neuroelectrical abnormalities, or problems can be identified in people with this disease (Fentress, Moller 1). This makes is easier for the disease to be diagnosed and treated. In order for schizophrenia to be diagnosed, the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual requires two symptoms to be present for a substantial amount of time during a 30 day period. It also requires major areas of functioning to decrease, with continuous signs for at least six months (Fentress, Moller 1). Three different types of symptoms characterize schizophrenia: positive, negative, and cognitive (Richards 1). Positive symptoms refer to an exaggeration of brain function. This can be characterized by unusual thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions. Hallucinations are things a person sees, hears, smells or feels that no other person can. Hearing â€Å"voices† is the most common

An Important Day to Remember - Personal Writing Essay

An Important Day to Remember - Personal Writing Four years of my life (including two at playschool) had finally culminated in a very exciting day for me - my first day at school. Waking up on that Monday morning however, I had no idea just how exciting it was going to beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Two years of my brothers stories about school were fresh in my mind, some sounded amazing, but some were downright scary - like the myth surrounding many schools - something about bullies, heads and toilet flushing. Nevertheless, I could barely wait to go. Looking back I cant believe I wasnt more apprehensive about the first day. Sure, there was nervousness and tension, but the sheer thought of going to what seemed like†¦show more content†¦My first ever school lesson came and went with little in between. The simplest arithmetic you could imagine was explained in extreme detail by the teacher. I was amazed at how much other people were struggling - I came to the conclusion that most had not been granted the maths books that I had occupied for the past two years. It was then time for lunch - which is when it happened. The incident which I still remember vividly to this day. The one thing lasting less than one second which turned this day from enjoyable to, wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ unenjoyable. I was walking from the lower half of the school to the upper half which is where the lunch hall was. I was still talking heatedly to people about the days eventfulness, when an unprovoked attack from a wasp caught me right underneath the eye. It was very painful. Very VERY painful. I was taken to First Aid and my parents were informed. I stayed there for the entirety of the lunch break and into the afternoon lesson. When I rejoined the group I sat down in silence. I wasnt in the same mood that I was in in the morning - I was more embarrassed by what happened now that the pain had gone. 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Importance of National Income Free Essays

A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI* adjusted for natural resource depletion). All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within some â€Å"boundary†. The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship, and may also restrict the goods and services that are counted. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of National Income or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, some measures count only goods and services that are exchanged for money, excluding bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by imputing monetary values to them. National accounts Main article: National accounts Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like a country entails a large amount of data-collection and calculation. Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century,[2] the systematic keeping of national accounts, of which these figures are a part, only began in the 1930s, in the United States and some European countries. The impetus for that major statistical effort was the Great Depression and the rise of Keynesian economics, which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy, and made it necessary for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could proceed as well-informed as possible. [edit]Market value Main article: Market value In order to count a good or service, it is necessary to assign value to it. The value that the measures of national income and output assign to a good or service is its market value – the price it fetches when bought or sold. The actual usefulness of a product (its use-value) is not measured – assuming the use-value to be any different from i ts market value. Three strategies have been used to obtain the market values of all the goods and services produced: the product (or output) method, the expenditure method, nd the income method. The product method looks at the economy on an industry-by-industry basis. The total output of the economy is the sum of the outputs of every industry. However, since an output of one industry may be used by another industry and become part of the output of that second industry, to avoid counting the item twice we use not the value output by each industry, but the value-added; that is, the difference between the value of what it puts out and what it takes in. The total value produced by the economy is the sum of the values-added by every industry. The expenditure method is based on the idea that all products are bought by somebody or some organisation. Therefore we sum up the total amount of money people and organisations spend in buying things. This amount must equal the value of everything produced. Usually expenditures by private individuals, expenditures by businesses, and expenditures by government are calculated separately and then summed to give the total expenditure. Also, a correction term must be introduced to account for imports and exports outside the boundary. The income method works by summing the incomes of all producers within the boundary. Since what they are paid is just the market value of their product, their total income must be the total value of the product. Wages, proprieter’s incomes, and corporate profits are the major subdivisions of income. [edit]The output approach The output approach focuses on finding the total output of a nation by directly finding the total value of all goods and services a nation produces. Because of the complication of the multiple stages in the production of a good or service, only the final value of a good or service is included in the total output. This avoids an issue often called ‘double counting’, wherein the total value of a good is included several times in national output, by counting it repeatedly in several stages of production. In the example of meat production, the value of the good from the farm may be $10, then $30 from the butchers, and then $60 from the supermarket. The value that should be included in final national output should be $60, not the sum of all those numbers, $90. The values added at each stage of production over the previous stage are respectively $10, $20, and $30. Their sum gives an alternative way of calculating the value of final output. Formulae: GDP(gross domestic product) at market price = value of output in an economy in the particular year – intermediate consumption NNP at factor cost = GDP at market price – depreciation + NFIA (net factor income from abroad) – net indirect taxes[3] [edit]The income approach The income approach equates the total output of a nation to the total factor income received by residents or citizens of the nation. The main types of factor income are: Employee compensation (cost of fringe benefits, including unemployment, health, and retirement benefits); Interest received net of interest paid; Rental income (mainly for the use of real estate) net of expenses of landlords; Royalties paid for the use of intellectual property and extractable natural resources. All remaining value added generated by firms is called the residual or profit. If a firm has stockholders, they own the residual, some of which they receive as dividends. Profit includes the income of the entrepreneur – the businessman who combines factor inputs to produce a good or service. How to cite Importance of National Income, Essay examples

Maritime Law for Regulations and Relationship -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMaritime Law for Regulations and Relationship. Answer: Introduction International law can be divided into both public and private international law. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of public international law and conflict of laws (private international law) in the light of Maritime law. Maritime law is derived from both public international land and private international law and thus is related to them. In addition Maritime law is different from other forms of law. The paper discusses the features of both public and private international law. Public International Law Public International law is define as a set of provisions which are generally accepted and considered as binding with respect to the relationship between nations and states. Through this form of law a stable and organized framework with respect to international relation is established. Public international law is primarily applicable towards governing the relationship between states rather than individuals (Malanczuk 1997). Public international law is primarily based on consent governance. This signifies that the states do not have an obligation to mandatorily comply with the provisions of this law unless they have expressly consented to the compliance. This is because all states are sovereign and imposing and law on them would compromise with the situation. There are few aspects of international law which is not consent based and the states have mandatory obligations to comply with them, these include peremptory norms and customary international law. Maritime law as stated by Hill a nd Kulkarni (2017) is a bit different from other forms of law. As stated by Maraist et al. (2016) along with domestic statues and case laws various aspects of maritime law are also taken from public international law (White 2014). International law is derived from customs, treaties and international conventions. Through public international law the criteria and framework for the purpose of indentifying states in from of the primary factor in international legal system is set out. The few areas with which public international law deals in the light of state presupposes jurisdiction and control over territory are state immunity, acquisition of territory and the responsibility the states have towards each other legally. Thus in the same way as maritime law is derived from private international law the application of public international law working of maritime law is also of the same significance. There are multiple sectors which public international law governs such as international human rights law, international trade law, international environment law, international humanitarian law, international criminal law and law of the seas. There is a relationship between international law and domestic law which is to be viewed as consisting of symbiosis and cooperation. In this situation doctrines and concepts which have been created by domestic law has to be identified by international law as well and in the same way the provisions of the international law has to be applied in domestic law as well. Thus domestic law decision has to be taken into consideration by the international courts. In addition national domestic law is also derived from the provision of international law. Domestic law is at times framed in a manner which would ensure compliance with public international law provision. Thus in the situation where there is a clear relationship between public international law and domestic law and were maritime law is also directly related to private international law, there is a clear relationship between public international law and maritime law (Maraist et al. 2016). The features of public international law are as follows It is the law which governs relationship between states rather than individuals Its purpose is to ensure the immunity of states, peace and govern the responsibilities which states have towards one another It sets out a legal framework to address a situation of dispute between states The law is not binding unless it has been consented to by the states unless it is a custom or peremptory norms Conflict of laws The term conflict of law and private international law are the terms which are used in an interchangeable manner which govern relationship across various legal jurisdictions between individuals and at times other organizations. Conflict of law can also be defined as a set of procedural law provisions which are used to identify the legal system and the jurisdiction which would be applicable for the purpose of governing the dispute (Fawcett Carruthers 2008). Conflict of law is primarily applicable in situation where the dispute consists of a foreign element. Thus conflict of law or private international law can be stated to be a branch of international law and international interstate law by which all legal proceedings in relation to a foreign law factor is controlled. The situation of conflict of law arises from a state where the final result of a legal issue is depending upon the law which is to be made applicable and the manner in which the common law courts resolves the conflict a rising between the laws. However, it has to be noted that private international law is also a part of domestic law which is different from country to country (Mortensen, Garnett Keyes 2015). The existence of various legal rules which are often subjected to variance makes the concept of conflict of laws highly important. When courts face an issue in relation to the conflict of laws they have two choices. The court can apply to the dispute the law of forum (lex fori) which is mostly done when what law is to be applied is a procedural question, or the court has the option of applying the law of site of the transaction which means the occurrence through which the litigation is initiated (Lex Loci). When the matter is substantive this is option is mostly selected by the courts as the governing law. In case of maritime transactions mostly the parties and companies who are involved belong to a different country and thus the conflict of law situation is often brought into the context. Thus public international law deals with states and private international law deals with individuals and artificial persons. However public international law is indirectly applicable on individuals and artificial persons as well. Public international law is consistent and is same for all those who accept it. However in relation to private international law a conflict of law situation takes place and application of law is done based on the above discussed rules. A person can take an action in relation to a maritime dispute in rem or in personam which means in public or in private. The claim can be in relation to the overall law which affects the maritime community or only the person who has been affected because of an issue (Cremean 2015). Conclusion Thus from the above discussion it is clear that Maritime law has a clear relationship with Public international law and private international law. The states do not have an obligation to mandatorily comply with the provisions of this law unless they have expressly consented to the compliance. This is because all states are sovereign and imposing and law on them would compromise with the situation other than laws which arise from customs. The existence of various legal rules which are often subjected to variance makes the concept of conflict of laws highly important. When courts face an issue in relation to the conflict of laws they have two choices which are to apply to the dispute the law of forum (lex fori), or the court has the option of applying the law of site of the transaction (Lex Loci). References Cremean, DJ 2015, Admiralty jurisdiction law and practice: Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia, 4th edn, Federation Press, New South Wales, pp. 2028. Fawcett, J Carruthers, JM 2008, Cheshire, North Fawcett private international law, 14th edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 310 1618. Hill, C. and Kulkarni, Y., 2017. Maritime law. Taylor Francis. Maraist, F.L., Galligan Jr, T.C., Maraist, C.M. and Sutherland, D.A., 2016. Cases and Materials on Maritime Law. West Academic. Mortensen R, Garnett R Keyes M 2015, Private international law in Australia, 3rd edn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood, Australia, pp. 47-71, 89-107 415-429 White, M 2014, Australian maritime law, 3rd edn, Federation Press, New South Wales, pp. 140

Modern Technology a Boon or Embargo

Question: Discuss about the Modern Technology a Boon or Embargo. Answer: Introduction A healthy body is a universal need. The World with bulge bellies has made exercise and workout as an important part of life. Extra fat is stigmata in society altogether. WHO defined overweight and obesity as, abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health Body mass index is a simple index of weight for height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. The basic cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. Unhealthy lifestyle, increase intake of dense food has let the world in a state of health emergency. The impact of obesity has increased over time (2).With the world being overweight, health industry particularly gyms and fitness training centers are on their way to flourish. Carrying extra weight does not only hamper the physical life of a person but also affect his mental and social life to large extend. Being healthy is somehow defined as looking in a certain way, skinny, toned with no or little fat. The fat has to shed or melted in any case. Modern technology gym provides all necessities for weight loss. According to the ACE report, every 2nd American adult is categorised as obese or overweight. So gym industry is at rescue and help people to decrease their waistline. Modern gym industries help people to remain healthy and work with strategies. A number of gyms are opened on a daily basis. Some health professional include exercise and fitness in their prescription. Incorporation of physical activity into life provides various physiological and social benefits. Physical motion plans have become one of the major parts of healthy life, less we know about the specific fitness program. Modern fitness centers are designed to help public every time. This paperwork focuses on the qualitative research work emphasizing on the health system and fitness training centers. The work is done on the intervention of well-equipped modern technology in the fitness centers and their impact on the health of people. Literature Review The keep fit fashion is not new. It is return to the natural path of life. During ancient days people used to do physical activity as their daily routine of activity. The natural way of human bodys adaptation is profound in itself. Our bodies are planned and designed in such a way that physical activity is a must for appropriate functioning of biochemistry and physiology. If we observe from ancient world, we observe that people were serious about their health care regime. The activities were inculcated in culture and daily life of societies around the globe. In ancient China during 3000 to 1000 B.C., people believed that humanity was key to prevention and that key to prevention was key to long life. Slowly this concept got dominated in the society and gave rise to various philosophies. These philosophies with time lead to various art form incorporated with different physical activities. Various examples like Tai chi chuan, a graceful body movement exist till now and is performed and used around the globe. In Indiana working out is known as essential principles of daily life. Ancient Vedas has mentioned the importance of physical exercise as critical to life. The ancient script got converted to the cultural routine of families gave birth of famous Indian mind and body exercise yoga. Yoga includes brief series of stretching and flexibility. Todays world embraced yoga as modern fitness method efficiently. The modern world has become a technology hub. New and efficient technology has made our life a better as well as easier to live. At the same time, easier life has decreased the physical activities of human being. It has become a problem in the world. To be fit is a gem in todays era. It is most influential as well as the necessity of life. The changing lifestyle of adults, teenagers and elderly has made health reason to worry. With 68% American population obese or overweight (3) and 112000 deaths across the USA, promoting weight loss is a public emergency. In his light, ample of fitness centers and gyms have emerged over time. Higher health cost has further bloomed the fitness training centers. Further fitness has become a tag for social acceptance. .Media and advertising industry have played a prevalent role in this shift towards being fit. The contemporary definition of fitness of a person also has various angles. Usually skinny and toned body is considered as fit, and extra fat on the body is categorised as unfit. This particular concept helped to flourish gymnasium industry at a high rate. With new technology daily upgrading the market gym industry has also used ample of methods to incorporate fitness methods. Technology has changed the outlook on fitness. In ancient time people used to run for hours, today we run according to the calories burned with the time. So for one thing that technology has helped is specific ways to maintain fit. We maintain our life style.Thetermgym is always accompanied with the word health, fitness, and exercise. These fitness centers equipped with modern scientific technology is creating a new impact on public life. A study conducted provides the first evaluation of a newly engineered type of commitment device, a temptation bundling device. In this study, exercise was bundled with tempting audio novels and found that the attendance of gym was increased by 51 percent. (4). .An another study conducted positive attitude of gym membership and intention to join gym has given a result that positive attitude to join gym depends on factors like mem bership, pressure to join due to media and advertisement(5). Gym operators need to be updated with modern and scientific instruction. Gym operators needs to be updated with modern and scientific areas. In a feedback for a wearable technology that sense squats below parallel has potential to improve to share information and to coaches to provide feedback to athletes and other coaches.(6) So technology has enable people to get feedbacks and results. This helped to provide motivation for the clients and advertisement for the gym operators. Since gym and modern technology are gel together so constructively that today we cannot think of working without treadmill or running without earplugs in our head. The technology has of course double-edged sword. It saves time and keep track on healthy life style also. E.g. Pedometers help to count and keep check on the number of steps taken throughout the day. Studies reveal that pedometers based walk has increased daily based physical activity and with no loss of time. Pedometer handlers increase their physical activity by 27 % (7). A Pedometer-based walking plan are usually significant and effective. It help to raise a competitive environment to the person and help to motivate for more physical exercise. Other than pedometer, accelerometers is also one of the positive creation to the world of being fit. In a study accelerometers indicated data that less than 5% of adults in the United States engaged in 30 min per day of moderate exercise, 5 to 7 days per week.(7). The study shows that the updated technology can give a friendly as well as can take the business away from the gym operators. The various work done in due course of time on gym and technology has given positive as well as negative effect of technology on the gym. Our work done weather gym and technology go hand in hand or weather new technology is just taking the gymnasium industry toward backward shift. Data analysis show most of the members come to gym for weight loss (8). But with technology in hand people prefer to control their fitness routine themselves according to their own ease. Technological backup and gym as industry has a different relation .It goes in hand in hand only to some extent. It becomes a competitor afterwards. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all adults get at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise five days a week. Gym can be good way to do follow a routine workouts but at the same time personal trainers and machine help people to do workout within their home. To gym helps people to take time and socialise. It enhances social life by putting you in regular group of people. One can sleep peacefully and more sleep means more energy and a more even mood. At a same time one lose weight and will feel good. With use of various technology on personal basis we can get fit but additional benefit of social life will be missed. Other factors which makes going to gym rather than personal work out are better use of technology, getting fit under professional trainer. Effective training and low cost maintenance has also made gym a better option than working out at home. It provide efficient use of machines under professionals On the other side working out at home has also benefits. One can control their own routine. There are effective less chances of infections and disease. One has less reasons to cancel its working out session. Be it a cold or hot exercise will not be effected. More effective result in short span of time has also been observed with personal trainer. Use of internet as trainer has also a profound reason for working out at home. There is also no membership fees for month. There are less confusion and more freedom to do workout. Since effective working out can or cannot be with gym. Conclusion Our study which is basically done on literary analysis. The study shows that gym and modern technology can effect positively as well as negative on the society. People going to gym has increased in some part of the world and at the same time has decreased in other part of the world. Gym as industry need to maintain its standard by using innovative methods. Providing different facilities may help to maintain its standard. Including diet professional, physiotherapist and dermatologist can help gym operators to move in more clients. We further worked on the questionnaire made by us for future study. Further study is based on interview of three different people connected to the fitness centre. We can work on paper by interviewing gym instructor, a regular client of gym. Question can be 1 How do you find ways to keep people motivated coming to gym in this technology freak era? (Gym instructor) 2 How do you want modern technology can improve fitness training? (client) 3 How effective it is to go to gym rather than working out at home? On the basis of above study we can here make a scope for further research on maintaining balance use of technology by gym operators. Regulation of gym, being inclusive and work more than just losing weight, operating with reference with hospitals and going for innovative methods will help gym industry to work smoothly .We wind our work with a series of thoughts and a gateway for research in the field of fitness and technology. References Department of health World health organisation. BBC, health article, Weekend exercise alone has significant health benefits Culn, A.L., Finken, S. and Bratteteig, T., 2013. Design and interaction in a smart gym: cognitive and bodily mastering. In Human Factors in Computing and Informatics (pp. 609-616). Milkman, K.L., Minson, J.A. and Volpp, K.G., 2013. Holding the Hunger Games hostage at the gym: An evaluation of temptation bundling. Management science, 60(2), pp.283-299. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Leeman, O. and Ong, J.S., 2008. Lost and Found Again: Subjective Norm in Gym Membership. DLSU Business Economics Review, 18(1). Oakes, K., Siek, K.A. and MacLeod, H., 2015, May. Musclememory: identifying the scope of wearable technology in high intensity exercise communities. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (pp. 193-200). ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering). Vividen Heyward, 6th edition Excerpts from Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription, Human kinetics. DR?GAN, A.A., 2013. segmenting and profiling fitness club customers: a case study. Review of Management Economic Engineering, 12(1).

Human errors in Korean A300B4-622R plane crash free essay sample

Accident analysis is the process undertaken in order to establish the causes of accidents in order to prevent similar kinds of accidents from occurring in future.   Crew failures and crew resource management have increasingly lead to more crashes than mechanical problems. In August of 1994 a Korean airbus A300B4-622R overrun the runaway and caught fire after disagreements between the pilot and the co-pilot.   No passenger was hurt as they were all evacuated through the cockpit windows but the air craft was totally written off.   I hereby put down an insight of the accident highlighting the poor CRM and human factors that greatly lead to this accident To begin with the communication process was very poor.   The co-pilot doubt about the length of the runaway indicate that there was inadequate briefing on the landing conditions of the destination.   The co-pilot, to add to that, lacks inquiry qualities in that he does not ask about the length of the runaway but instead decides that his decision of it being inadequately long is correct. We will write a custom essay sample on Human errors in Korean A300B4-622R plane crash or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page    Lacks self critique is evident by deciding to go round without involving the pilot which eventually results to the crash.   He pulls back the yoke saying â€Å"go round† to the captain who responds by saying â€Å"get your hands off .get off!†.   In addition, there is lack of common decision in the length of the runway, to go round or to proceed landing which leads to the crash that could have otherwise been prevented (Weir, A. 1999,   pp.55-123). Secondly, team building and maintenance is absent evidenced by the co-pilot deciding to act on a different line compared to the pilot.   The pilot sees no sense to explain or answer the co-pilots question as he is asked severally on whether to go round.   Interpersonal relationship between the pilot and the co-pilot are also very poor as the co-pilot is not ready to obey the pilot on the landing of the plane on the runaway.   The follower ship concept is fully absent with the pilot inability to put commands and the other crew following the instructions for safe landing of the plane. According to Weir (1999), the work load is poorly managed, within the crew in the plane.   To begin with, they do not have enough information on the landing particulars of the runaway.   They have not been either briefed or the whole data is totally unavailable which prompts the co-pilot to conclude that according to him the runaway is insufficient for the air bus to land.   The workload distribution, in addition is not coherent as it is not clear who is supposed to asses the runaway suitability for the plane to land. Weir (1999) adds that, team coordination is fully lacking with poor decision making by the co-pilot and the pilot regarding the landing of the plane due to the length of the runaway.   The co-pilot solely decided that the runaway will not be sufficient for the air bus to land.   There is poor coordination of the actions which pilot and the co-pilot takes as little information is given by any of the two the his colleague. The pilot tells the co-pilot to get off his hands while the co-pilot decides   not to land.   The co-pilot defied the pilots decision by deciding not to follow his orders and grabbed the throttles, pulled back the yoke ready to go round making the plane to move beyond the runaway and crashing before catching fire.   This shows the clear inability of the co-pilot to make proper estimates of the landing distance required for their plane to land. Cultural effects are also to blame for the Korean Airbus crash in 1994.   The Korean pilot without explaining to the co-pilot, may have been undermining him culturally as it is seen by him just giving orders and ignoring his questions.   The co-pilot on the other hand wanted prove himself not culturally inferior by being Asian, therefore proceeded to act without regarding his orders.   From the cultural background, the arrogant co-pilot shows disregard his Canadian pilot without clear premises of why actually they should not land. Conclusion This plane crash could have simply been avoided if only the human error could have been reduced.   The plane was in good conditions but lack of proper crew resource management system was the key to the crash thereby endangering the large number of people and the high investment alongside threatening the reputation of the countrys airline.   The CRM through re-code events helps in the analysis of the accidents resulting from the crew behavior and the overall human error.   Knowledge of all underlying accident factors is necessary with specific investigation very important in the whole final decisions making. References Weir, A. (1999). The Tombstone Imperative: The truth about air safety. London: Simon and Schuster.

Poverty in the United States

The poverty threshold of the United States (U.S) indicates that an approximate of (13-17) percentage of the United States’ population fall below the poverty line. This translates to 39.1 million poor people. Those living in the rural areas are poorer compared to those in suburban areas.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been found that the poverty is a cyclic process varying with time. The level goes up and down regardless of age, region, or family size. It is ironical that as poor as the country is, it registers the highest number of immigrants per annum. Inadequate fundamental learning, a wide gap between the incomes of the o-level learners and the professionals, among others, are some of the cited causes of the poverty, but lack of employment is the root cause. According to Adams, the United States has failed to create enough jobs for it s people (2001). A large number of its population is unemployed. It is from a job where the Americans ought to obtain their income, which in turn develops the country starting from the family level. One can choose to create his/her own job or otherwise opt to be employed. In U.S, very few have their own jobs to absorb the jobless, and this affects much the American youth. The young people are much energetic and innovative and given the opportunity, they can develop and change the situation of a country. Since the reverse is the reverse is the case in U.S, unemployment remains the root cause of its poverty. If a country could manage to provide basic education to more than half its people, poverty could appear nowhere in the country. Bradley says that a large number of the children in United States lack the elemental knowledge (2003). There exist a positive correlation between education and employment, which in turn correlates with poverty. It appears like a culture in America where c hildren get the mandate to choose between leisure and education. Majority prefer the former to the latter. Any employer focuses much on the educational background of a willing employee before giving him/her the job. In the case of U.S, countless never qualify for the jobs even if the opportunity arises because of their poor learning backgrounds. This brings the reason as to why learned strangers are ever securing the few jobs leaving the American redundant. Once they secure them, they expand their own countries rather than U.S and hence its high poverty levels. Another problem associated with poverty in the U.S is the high government taxes. Majority of the employed people in U.S are foreigners and not citizens of the country. As it is the case for any employed person, he/she is liable of taxation by the government. The few employed U.S citizens suffer the high taxes though their salaries are equally high.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Hacker, they are unable to, not only develop their country, but also themselves (2006). The remaining category of employed non-citizens experiences a double taxation. They pay taxes for both U.S and their countries giving them not even a chance to uplift U.S, which is left poorer than before. In conclusion, it is often mistaken that adequate food and good heath facilities can eliminate poverty. This is not the case because in U.S, these are there but poverty still prevails. Efforts have been made to improve the academic facilities of the country but foreigners only enjoy these services and in turn secure the available jobs rendering the American unemployed. This unemployment makes the United States a poor country. Reference List Adams, J., Pearlie, S. (2001). Dealing With Diversity. Chicago, IL: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Bradley, D. (2003). Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Dem ocracies: American Sociological Review. 68(3), 22-51. Hacker, J. (2006). The Great Risk Shift: The New Insecurity and the Decline Of The  American Dream. New York: Oxford University Press. This essay on Poverty in the United States was written and submitted by user Arnim Zola to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Porters concept of the diamond

Quotes of Alexander Graham Bell

Quotes of Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell was the inventor who was first to patent a successful telephone apparatus and later commercializes a domestic telephone network. To quote Alexander Graham Bell, we have to start with the first voice message ever transmitted, which was, Mr. Watson - come here - I want to see you. Watson was Bells assistant at the time and the quote was the first sound of a voice ever transmitted by electricity. Alexander Graham Bell Quotes Wherever you may find the inventor, you may give him wealth or you may take from him all that he has; and he will go on inventing. He can no more help inventing that he can help thinking or breathing. The inventor looks upon the world and is not contented with things as they are. He wants to improve whatever he sees, he wants to benefit the world; he is haunted by an idea. The spirit of invention possesses him, seeking materialization. Great discoveries and improvements invariably involve the cooperation of many minds. I may be given credit for having blazed the trail, but when I look at the subsequent developments I feel the credit is due to others rather than to myself. When one door closes, another door opens; but we so often look so long and regretfully upon the closed door, that we do not see the ones which open for us. What this power is I cannot say; all I know is that it exists and it becomes available only when a man is in that state of mind in which he knows exactly what he wants and is fully determined not to quit until he finds it. America is a country of inventors, and the greatest of inventors are the newspaper men. The final result of our researches has widened the class of substances sensitive to light vibrations until we can propound the fact of such sensitiveness being a general property of all matter. Perseverance must have some practical end, or it does not avail the man possessing it. A person without a practical end in view becomes a crank or an idiot. Such persons fill our asylums. A man, as a general rule, owes very little to what he is born with – a man is what he makes of himself. Concentrate all of your thoughts upon the work at hand. The sun’s rays do not burn until brought to a focus. The most successful men, in the end, are those whose success is the result of steady accretion. Watson, if I can get a mechanism which will make a current of electricity vary in its intensity, as the air varies in density when a sound is passing through it, I can telegraph any sound, even the sound of speech.​ I then shouted into the mouthpiece the following sentence: Mr. Watson, Come here, I want to see you. To my delight, e came and declared that he had heard and understood what I said. I asked him to repeat the words. He answered, You said, Mr. Watson, come here I want to see you.

Learn how to write a conversation properly and get an A!

Learn how to write a conversation properly and get an A! Writing a Conversation: Main Tips to Follow If you ask language theoreticians what the main difference between spoken and written language is, they will probably say that there is none. However, it is obvious that both spoken and written language has a completely different influence on the audience so it can become a powerful instrument in rendering thoughts and ideas. When a conversation is held, the audience can obtain information directly and to interpret it without anyone’s corrections and word choice. However, when a written piece is given, the reader is not present, and understanding of the topic greatly depends on the choice of words. This means that if you want to insert a conversation into your story, you need to be familiar with all of the rules and demands in order to make such dialogues clear and understandable. Writing skills are not enough: you need to understand the physical and social background of people. In addition, it is important to know what a conversation is and how to render posture and gestures. A vivid dialogue shows how people agree or disagree, talk and express their thoughts. This means that you need to learn dialogue writing and formatting if you want to render a conversation and to make it an important part of your story. Knowing all of these peculiarities will surely help you to grab the attention of the reader. If you are ready to master this complex but yet effective writing tool, just go on reading, and we will provide you with all of the necessary details! What It Takes to Write a Great Conversation Before getting started and learning all of the tips on writing dialogue, let us determine what it is in order to use it effectively. So what is a conversation or a dialogue? It is an intentional discussion between people. Usually, it includes sharing opinions, ideas, fears, reactions and so on. Try not to use unnecessary details If you want to render interaction of people, it is important to give contextual clues.   It is very important because your readers are willing to listen or to watch the setting. When you are working on a conversation, you need to avoid fillers. For example, if you are describing a cell phone conversation, there is no need to add phrases like ‘I want to speak to Mrs. Smith’. Just go directly to the dialogue, like this: ‘Hello?’ [Her voice was low and insecure, almost in panic.] You may find it difficult to avoid fillers in situations when there is a need to introduce a new character. However, it is still a great chance to picture the character in vivid colors. For example: ‘Amanda was talking to Mrs. Johnson and a stranger. When I approached, the stranger gave me a cheerful smile’. ‘She was an attractive young woman with bright blue eyes. Her hair was curly, and the dress she wore was pure charm and innocence. It was a real pleasure standing in the rays of her light.’ Try not to omit the description of appearances, because they give a necessary background to characters and future plot of the story. Limit irrelevant dialogue tags Dialogue tags give readers information about who said what in the story. However, they are not always necessary. Instead of writing ‘John said’ you can provide information about gestures and posture at the end of the line. This will give your conversation additional motion, and the text will be more live and vivid.   Compare the following examples: ‘What are you reading?’ He asked. If based on the scene context it is obvious who is speaking, there is no need to include the dialogue tag. Try using gestures instead: ‘What are you reading?’†¦ He moved closer and looked over my shoulder. As you see, such gestures give your story additional details, and the reader can picture the situation more clearly without unnecessary repetitions. Most of the writers always use this simple but effective tool. Say no to fancy tags If for some reason you don’t want to use gestures or consider them out of place, you should still avoid fancy dialogue tags. Complex word combinations and phrases may distract the audience, so if you still need to mention the speaker, it is better to stick to a plain ‘he said’. Sequence of dialogue tags In case the above methods are not appealing, you can still try other options.   For example, to break the monotonous flow you can switch places of dialogue tags. Luckily, there are no rules that say you should start every line with ‘Matt said’. Try placing these tags in the middle of the conversation or at the end of your dialogue, and you will see how much brighter the story will be. Don’t forget to add conflict or disagreement If you want to make conversation an important part of your story, it is necessary to include conflict to it. In reality, when we are mad at someone, we can remain silent for weeks. However, in stories, it is necessary to render the tension through your dialogues. It is a way of transmitting emotions to your readers. Do you like reading stories, where characters get along so good that they don’t have a single disagreement? The only way to make your story exciting and appealing is to give the readers a chance to see a conflict, a collapse of different opinions and tension. In case you are not sure how to cope with such a task, you can always contact our professional writers. They will help you to come up with a catchy conflict and to build a plot around it! Mention goals, hopes, and fears of your characters It is not necessary to make your story characters happy, positive and honest all the time. Try adding shades to their personality, and you will see how the story will benefit.   The flow of the dialogue may require asking complex questions or avoiding answers. That is when you need to depict the weak sides of your characters, just as the police does during an interrogation. When you are working on dialogues, you need to understand your characters good enough: what motivates them, what are they afraid of, how will they benefit from the conversation and so on. How can their goals and desires influence the conversation and the whole course of the story? By building a connection between the conversation and goals of participants, you can create a deeper dialogue. This advice is crucial if you are working on a detective story or a mystery because sharing information becomes the main source of finding new clues and tips. Use subtext and gestures It is not a secret that subtext is a very important part of the story and is the key to understanding readers’ ideas and thoughts. It can answer the ‘why’ question, explaining what is hidden behind the words and phrases.   Adding subtext is a great way to make the context stronger and to explain elements that can’t be explained otherwise.   For example, ‘I was invited as a lecturer to Michigan University.’ She exclaimed. ‘Isn’t it where John, your former boyfriend is working?’ As we get from the context, he is not happy with the proposal and is quite suspicious whether she was invited by her ex-boyfriend. Obvious tension made the conversation more interesting, and a simple discussion of a job offer turned into jealousy and suspicions. Draw a picture of the tone and atmosphere We all love stories with an atmosphere, so adding colors and context is crucial for creating good and catchy dialogue. A context is a place, where the conversation unfolds. In addition, the context provides background information that leads to a certain dialogue. If you devote enough time adding context to the conversation, you will be able to avoid dialogue tags or adverbs. For example, ‘I saw her leaving with a stranger’. She cried. If you want to make the story more intriguing and catchy, you can add context to the story, describing what and where it is happening. Anna was missing for almost two days now. No one has seen her on campus, and she didn’t come back to her home town either. Hundreds of people were surveyed, and the police were losing hope of finding her alive and healthy. Around noon they received a phone call from Anna’s roommate. ‘I saw her leaving with a stranger’. She sobbed. Such details help readers to see the story behind and to explain the despair of police, family, and friends of a missing woman. Formatting a Dialogue It doesn’t matter what type of story you are writing: following rules of creating a dialogue is a must. To distinguish dialogues and conversations, you need to know common rules. First, all of the conversations should begin and end with quotation marks. Below are some of the additional rules you need to keep in mind when formatting a story. Breaking paragraphs to distinguish speakers Every dialogue involves at least two people, so the audience should have a clear understanding of who is speaking and when the next phrase begins. To reach this goal, you need to follow some visual rules: Every paragraph and every new speech should be indented; Even if it is an unfinished phrase, it should be on a separate line. Using quotation marks If you place a part of the text into quotation marks, it means that someone is speaking. It is also possible to use double quotation marks. For example, â€Å"Have you seen our English teacher today?† If several sentences make a single part of the dialogue, you can place them in a single quotation. For example, Mary exclaimed, â€Å"I was so worried about you! Why didn’t you tell me that you were leaving?† In case your character quotes someone’s statement, you can place the main dialogue in double quotation marks and use single ones around the words that are quoted; To mark speech, it is also possible to use angle brackets. Such an approach is often used by European and Asian writers. Punctuating dialogue tags Dialogue tags are a part of a conversation and are used to explain the reader who is speaking. That is why you need to know how to punctuate them properly: Separate the tag and the dialogue using a comma; If the tag is placed at the beginning of the sentence, you need to place a comma before the dialogue. If the tag is placed at the end, you need to put the full stop before the quotation mark is closed. For example, Anna said, â€Å"I would love to go with you.† Or â€Å"I would love to go with you.† Anna said; If you place the dialogue tag in the middle of the sentence, you need to put commas on both sides of the tag. For example, â€Å"Oh my God†, Mary exclaimed,† Where did you get it?†. Using question and exclamation marks You need to place both of them inside quotation marks. For example, â€Å"How did the meeting go?† or â€Å"I am so tired†. You shouldn’t separate your dialogue tag from the conversation if there is already an exclamation mark. Using dashes and ellipses When you want to show that the ending of the phrase is abrupt, you need to use dashes. Ellipses show that the thought is lost. Keep in mind that dashes are not hyphens. For example, where is b − â€Å"Anna began? If you want to show that the dialogue was interrupted, you can also use dashes. For example, â€Å"All I wanted was – â€Å"Don’t even start that!† In case you want to show that your character lacks words, you can use ellipses: â€Å"What I mean is†¦.† Breaking a dialogue into shorter lines If your character needs to make a long speech, it is better to break it into smaller paragraphs. This will make the text simpler to understand. To achieve such a result, you need to start the dialogue with opening quotation marks and then switch to the next paragraph. Place closing quotation marks at the end of the final paragraph. Conclusion Including dialogues to your story can make it engaging and vivid even though creating an interesting conversation is a real challenge. If you want to succeed, follow the tips above, master formatting and you will surely create an outstanding dialogue to spice up the story!

The Ideologies Of Islam And Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ideologies Of Islam And Christianity - Essay Example Islamic law tends to be formed through careful observation and education that Islamic jurists receive through issuing fatwas through sharia. Islam claims Sharia law to be successful because of its revelation from God.Therefore, the ideal nation which embraces Islamic law will ultimately be perfect.The sharia is characterized as a discussion on the duties of Muslims.Sharia, translated as "the way" in Arabic, refers to the body of legislation that regulates a Muslim's lifestyle. These laws derive from interpretations of the Qur’an, the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, and his actions. Islam, therefore, parallels the judgments of God with those of His final messenger because the medium through which both travels is a man who God has trained to embody perfection. A prophet or a messenger is a testament to sharia since he claims the word of God that is seen through his wisdom and knowledge.Christianity works in the same venture as Islam in many elements. The Bible gives divine auth ority to the King and the council.The King usually leads his court to ultimate decision making and has divine authority as it is granted by God. Christianity is very keen in giving the Church divine power, with no separation of church and state. As a matter of fact, this realm dominated many empires for ages.What might be some of the consequences of these theologies for domestic and international politics?The consequences of these politics are that they clash against modern values that are part of society.

Management in Businees Administation Research Paper - 1

Management in Businees Administation - Research Paper Example Likewise, I being the manager, I had to be confident and presumptuous. Equally important, I had to be enthusiastic, charming, passion and pontificated. I had to have an ability to support others and spearhead solutions in a problem-solving manner. Evenly, I had to drive to support others and spearhead solutions that would solve problems. Similarly, I had to have a desire to serve others, be respectful, sensitive to their needs and expectations, and nurture ability become a passive manager. As well, I had to have prior knowledge on how the industry operates, by having passion, for continued growth and perfection. Studies by Kozakiewicz (2014, p. 186), also taught me how to encompass all positive characteristics and qualities that encapsulate the desirable manager. I have with time managed to develop authentic skills. This has helped me to relinquish all the self-imposed pressure to perform or look good and manage in a healthy manner. For instance, I learned how different departments work. As such, I had to follow a path that encompasses the entire coaching system. I have to take the time to craft the right questions in order to get the salespeople involved in the conversation. As part of the passion, I have to deliver value in every conversation and honor what other people are doing inside the organization. Per se, I will encounter little resistance and only minor pushback when it is time to hold people accountable for the goals and results. As well, the academia has solidified my abilities to become a genuine humble leader who embraces vulnerabilities. Backed by Zawadzki (2013, p. 18), I believe that I am driven by the higher self to deliver value and make an impact instead of being ego. I as well came to note that I had an ability to be true about myself without attempting to emulate other people. I, therefore, plan to use tools and approaches that complement and align with my personality. This plan will include values, talents, strengths

Short answer paragraphs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short answer paragraphs - Assignment Example Most Americans cannot afford the insurance coverage because the health care costs are high. The result is many Americans survive without the needed care that puts them at risks of various health problems. Costs for health rise as the needed treatment costs are above what would have been used to prevent the problem (Cebul 2008). A Health indicator is a characteristic that can be measured in an individual so as describe an aspect of health. Body mass index compares the weight, relative to height and age, against the measures of a healthy weight. It helps decide if interventions are needed. It refers to how societies compensate for the health care. The different options depend on the resources devoted on to them that eventually determine the amount and quality of care given to people. Some options may provide for the most advanced care while others compensate for basic care only. Medicaid is a government funded program that provides health care for low income families and those with limited resources. Those eligible to be beneficiaries can be children with disabilities, pregnant women, or parents of eligible women. Individuals in difficult conditions i.e. disabled and poor, have all their entire problems taken care of. For better services in future, beneficiaries can be asked to contribute back some share later in life when they have the capability (Cebul 2008). Increased costs of health care are due to the excess use of medical resources by patients and high costs associated charged by medics for fear of malpractice suits. The patients should be asked to take charge of their medical purchasing options. The health care system is unsuccessful because insurance dulls peoples’ consumer instincts. When medical care tends to be cheap or free, people do not shop around for other options. People do not also think otherwise before visiting the

The future of healthcare Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The future of healthcare - Coursework Example The administrators have to keep up with advances technology by updating their skills in technology to offer guidance on the use of these technologies (Mandl & Kohane, 2012). In the next decade, the proportion of America senior citizens will increase. The average life expectancy in the US has risen from 47 years in 1900 to about 79 years, and it is estimated that it will be around 84 in 2050 (Schiller et al., 2012). Death rates are gradually reducing as the life expectancy of the people goes up. The changing trend will compel health care administrators to increase funds for the long-term care and develop substitutes for nursing homes. The rise in the number of older patients from the Boomer generation and the loss of providers is a significant challenge to the health care system in the country (Schiller et al., 2012). Administrators have to ensure that they set aside enough resources to guarantee that the aged patients receive the much-needed medical services. Improved funding will ensure that the old generation receives the best medical services. Schiller, S., Lucas, W., Ward, W., & Peregoy, A. (2012). Summary health statistics for US Adults: National health interview survey, 2010. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 10, Data from The National Health Survey, (252),

MOIGC Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MOIGC 1 - Assignment Example Opportunities for currency exchange as well as mediums of communication have developed from the introduction of internet. More people can make international visits without any hazards and take advantage of currency exchange. Enterprises can communicate well through the development of systems of communication and office automation. There are more advantages than disadvantages of globalisation. It has shown a positive trend of development till date. Globalisation will most certainly bring in bright changes in the world and make it more powerful in the near future. The assignment here highlights all these points in a comprehensive manner, so that the idea of this business assignment can be translated in a more appropriate way. Globalisation has become an inevitable part of the world economy. This can be stated from trades that take place between various countries in different parts of the world. From past evidences, it can be easily understood that global economy was existent from a long period of time. Explorers had to face various risks to conquer new places and resources found there. A new age or era seemed to emerge from imperialism of the 19th century (Gibbert and Durand, 2006). Globalisation contributed in building an era, where different nations directly competed with each other. A lot of changes took place, encompassing development of the underwater cables of telephone, steam ships that are iron hulled and screw driven, radio, satellite technology and the most vital of all is the internet. These technologies have proved to be helpful as the process of communication became easier and faster for the whole world. It was available at any time and from anywhere. In organisations, introduction of the pr oduction line and association of the same with scientific management enabled mass production (Hakansson and Waluszewski, 2007). As a result of this, manufacturing levels of the third world companies became cheaper than the

Nursing Conflict Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Conflict Management - Essay Example The article entitled â€Å"A literature review of conflict communication causes, costs,The article entitled â€Å"A literature review of conflict communication causes, costs,benefits and interventions in nursing† written by Brinkert (2010) which was published in the Journal of Nursing Management proffered pertinent   issues relative to presenting a review of related literature on the subject of conflict communication. The article was replete with presenting relevant issues about conflict in the nursing profession. Since the author presented a literature review, he used authoritative secondary sources of previous studies and researches that discussed the causes, costs of unmanaged conflict, the benefits of normal conflict communication, as well as the identified strategies which were deemed most effective in addressing conflicts encountered by nurses. One of the most relevant findings was stated as â€Å"while conflict cannot be entirely eliminated from nursing, particular sources of destructive conflict may be decreased or eliminated† (Brinkert, 2010, p. 151). Likewise, the author revealed that conflict communication is a facet in the nursing profession that remains underdeveloped. The content is highly beneficial to nurse managers in terms of its extensive and comprehensive content that included determining the origin, nature, causes, costs and other interventions and strategies that would be helpful in resolving conflict within the nursing profession.

Universalist Approach To Strategic Human Resource Management Business Essay

Universalist Approach To Strategic Human Resource Management Business Essay Your role and background is that of a Human Resource Management generalist consultant who has been called in to provide observations and suggestions to the current situation. You are an HRM generalist who has been asked to sit in on the meeting with John of PF. The CEO will ask for your opinions about how the organisation can move forward and overcome the current issues that it is experiencing. This is based on two critical forms of fit. Firstly, external fit and secondly internal fit. The external fit has to do with the HR strategy that fits with the demands of business Strategy. It is also referred to as vertical integration, the internal fit which is also referred to as horizontal integration suggests that all HR policies and activities fit together so that they make a coherent whole, are mutually reinforcing and are applied consistently. The strength of this model is that it provides a simple framework to show how selection, appraisal, development and reward can be mutually geared to produce the required of employee performance. Resource based approach This approach in concerned with the relationships between internal resources of which Human resources are one, strategy and the firm performance. It focuses on the Promotion of sustained competitive advantage through the development of human capital rather than merely aligning human resources to current strategic goals. The universalistic perspective posits the best of HR practices, implying that business strategies and HRM policies are mutually independent in determining business performance. The contingency perspective emphasizes the fit between business strategy and HRM policies and strategies, implying that business strategies are followed by HRM policies in determining business performance. The configurationally perspective posits a simultaneous internal and external fit between a firms external environment, business strategy and HR strategy, implying that business strategies and HRM policies interact, according to organisational context in determining business performance. Recruitment and selection Using the three recruitment methods of advertising in the national press, advertising in the technical press, and the internet, evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each. National press When considering a press adverting campaign there are two main venues to think about; newspapers and magazines. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. The magazine ads look better but the quality and the workmanship that goes into producing a magazine ad make it expensive. The readership of a magazine, on the other hand, is much easier to target, and is comes with the type of magazine you choose; a car magazine, sports or fashion magazine. On the flip side, magazine ads are viewed more times than newspaper ads and can double the exposure of the readership. the newspaper ad is much quicker and cheaper. Newspapers vary in circulation and with that they vary drastically in price. From the national press advertising campaign in newspapers, advertising in newspapers still holds a charm. Newspapers give credibility to the ads unlike radio advertising that is heard while doing something else, newspaper reading is done when a person has leisure time and his attention is not diverted. Local press advertising has benefits when dealing with a local supplier. Internet Advertising is the branch of marketing that deals with communicating to customers about products, brands, services and companies. The Internet, as a global communications medium, provides advertisers with unique and often cost-effective ways of reaching advertising audiences. As with all media, however, advertising on the Internet has unique advantages and disadvantages. Advertising on the Internet is almost a necessity for modern businesses, especially those that do business outside of their local community. Consumers use the Internet for more than simply entertainment or information, as they do with radio, television, magazines and newspapers. Consumers use the Internet to assist them in nearly every aspect of life, creating countless opportunities to place relevant, targeted ad messages. The Internets vast reach can allow advertisers to reach significantly more people than traditional advertising media at a fraction of the cost. Internet advertising is ideal for businesses with a national or international target market and large-scale distribution capabilities. As a rule, the more people your business serves, the most cost-efficient internet advertising can be. Internet advertising can also be more targeted than some traditional media, ensuring that your messages are seen by the most relevant audiences. One disadvantage of advertising on the Inter net is that your marketing materials are automatically available for anyone in the world to copy, regardless of the legal ramifications. Logos, images and trademarks can be copied and used for commercial purposes, or even to slander or mock your company. This is not the case with television and magazine advertising, wherein images must be replicated rather than simply copied electronically. Another disadvantage is the fact that the Internet-advertising gold rush has begun to introduce ad clutter to the Web. Web users are so inundated with banner ads and spam email that they have begun to ignore internet advertising just as much as ads on traditional media. Technical press There are many trades, technical and professional magazines read by customers, suppliers and businesses in your sector. If your business sells to other businesses, advertisements in these publications can be a powerful way of gaining sales, product enquiries, higher profile, trade partnerships and even potential investors. Editorials are generally perceived by readers to be independent and impartial and are therefore seen as more trustworthy than advertisements. Editorial support or endorsement helps lend your business credibility with the reader. A proactive PR strategy can increase your chances of gaining favorable editorial content. The technical press can also be used for recruitment and to source suppliers. Trade magazines provide a variety of ways to advertise: Classified advertising particularly for recruitment and gaining suppliers. Display and semi-display display advertisements are bigger and more sophisticated, often appear on editorial pages or in special supplements, and can use pictures and other design devices. Advertisement features theyre laid out like editorial pages but feature you and your business or product. You pay for them, and you may also be given advertisement space. Your suppliers might advertise as well and offset the cost. Loose inserts that you supply yourself to the magazine publisher for them to insert into the magazine. Advantages and Disadvantages of performance related pay Performance related pay is the idea of Fredrick Taylor who comprised his theory of scientific management. It is a bonus salary increase awarded in line with an employees achievement over a range of criteria. These criteria depend on each job. Awards are decided based on appraisal results. They must link achievements to pay. Advantages Rewards employees with highest productivity It is argued this system motivates staff It enables firms to recruit highly qualified staff who like the idea of being to earn a bonus Encourages employees whose performance is not u to scratch to leave company on a voluntary basis Easy to identify companies aims and objectives Disadvantages Only those who perform well get paid High flyers find it attractive possible to give employees no pay rise at all Inflation means pay will be cut and this coupled with; the indignity of being judged and found wanting, would make it that employees see a job elsewhere. Employees can be de-motivated if the goals set are too hard to achieve. Disgruntled employees Performance related pay cannot be determined unless there is a measuring system in place to assess output. It also provides a limiting factor to the use and extension of incentive pay in instances where work is difficult to measure. Where output cannot be measured, the sensible solution seems not to pay any bonus. However, because some jobs are difficult to measure, doesnt mean that good performance shouldnt be rewarded.. Learning and Training The essential purpose of training is to develop that knowledge and those skills and aptitudes which contribute to the welfare of the company and its employees. Further, all training programmes aim at making the employees more effective and productive in their present job and increasing their potential for higher level jobs. For effective transfer of training to occur, two conditions must be met; The trainee must be able to take the material learnt in the training process and apply it to the job context in which they work. The use of the learnt material must be maintained overtime on the job. Benefits of Good Training Programme It increases performance on the job, if applied. It help employee to raise current skill levels and correct any deficiency that have in doing their job efficiently. It enables present employees to acquire more and greater skill, thus increasing their versatility for transfers and their qualifications for promotions. If employees are properly trained, accidents, soiled work, and damage to machines and equipment are reduced. Training helps employees to adjust to new methods and processes that are introduced from time to time. Good training reduces dissatisfaction and absenteeism because it helps both new and experienced employees to use to the full, their individual capacities. It improves the quality of output which will benefit the company in the long run. Training improves the promotional prospect. Evaluation The HR Manager has o critically assess the training after the training exercise to determine if there is any change in their knowledge, skills, attitudes and ability. It is important to understand which skills; attitude and ability existed before therefore it is recommended that a measure of performance be undertaken before the training program begins. Transfer/behaviour This address the question, to what extent did the participant job behaviour change as a result of the training? Are the participants using their newly acquired skills and knowledge in their work environment? Is their change in behaviour and new knowledge sustained, are they using them effectively overtime. Is the trainee able to transfer the new skills to another person? Result Results answer the question, how is the training impacting on the organization overall. Is There a reduction in cost, increase in sales, are there more persons being attracted to company, improvement in production levels, less customer complaints or reduction in incidents? Performance appraisal This system is designed to measure the actual job performance of an employee. It provides feedback about the success about previous trainees and discloses the need for additional training. It helps to determine rewards or sanctions eg, of reward are pay increases based on his/her performance, promotion, commendation, demotion, warning or termination. It also gives the employee a clear understanding where he stands in relation to the organisation performance expectation. Performance Management System Performance appraisal is a method of evaluating a workers performance to ascertain how well he/she is meeting up with performance standards and targets and communicating it to the worker in order to set up a plan of improvement. Performance is the degree of accomplishment of the tasks that make up an employees job. An individuals performance is a combination of: Effort-physical and mental energy put in a work Ability-personal characteristics used doing a job Role perception-an understanding of direction and requirements of a job Performance evaluation on individual and group is usually based on: Standards set at the planning stage Performance targets set for individual or groups Accountability-the rate at which an employee understands and takes responsibility for his actions Competencies-the skills, experience, knowledge that a worker exhibits in a job Uses of performance appraisal Performance appraisal information can be used for: Promotions Firings/layoffs Merit pay increases Individual and organisational training and development Suggesting changes in behaviour, attitudes, skills or knowledge Selection procedures, and Human resource planning Performance Appraisal Methods Performance appraisal methods include: Goal setting, or management by objectives (MBO) Work standards approach Essay appraisal Critical incident appraisal Graphic rating scale Checklist Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS) Ranking methods 1. Goal setting or management by objectives. Management by objective consists of the following steps: Establishing a clear objectives for the work to be done by an employee Developing an action plan indicating how these objectives are to be achieved Allowing the employee to implement the action plan Measuring objective achievement Taking corrective action when needed Establishing new objectives for the future 2. Work standards approach. This method of appraisal involves setting a standard or an expected level of output and then comparing each employees level to the standard. Performance standards include: Quantity Quality Time Cost Dependability Accuracy Attendance, etc. 3. Essay appraisal In this method the appraiser prepares a written statement (narrative) describing a workers strengths and weaknesses, and past performance. A typical essay appraisal question might be Describe this employees performance, including quality and quantity of work, job knowledge, and ability to get along with other employees. 4. Critical incident appraisal In this method the appraiser keeps a written record of incidents that illustrate both satisfactory and unsatisfactory behaviors of the employee. The appraiser then uses these incidents as a basis for evaluating the employees performance. 5. Graphic rating scale This method requires the appraiser to indicate on a scale where the employee rates on factors such as quantity of work, dependability, job knowledge, and cooperativeness. Graphical ratings include both numerical ranges and written descriptions. Ex. On quantity of work (1) the worker does not meet minimum requirement (2) Does just enough to get byà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(5) has a superior work production record. 6. Checklist In this method the appraiser answers with a yes or no to a series of questions about the behaviour of the employee being rated. The checklist can have varying weight assigned to each question. 7. Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS) This method of appraisal determines an employees level of performance based on whether or not certain specifically job behaviors are present. BARS consist of scale value and anchors. Scale values define specific categories of performance such as: Excellent, good, average, poor, etc. Anchors are statements which indicate the level of performance on the scale opposite that particular anchor. 8. Ranking methods In this method of appraisal, the performance of an employee is ranked relative to the performance of others. Ranking methods include: Alternation ranking Paired comparison ranking, and Forced distribution Alternation ranking-the appraiser lists the names of employees to be rated on the left side of a sheet of paper. The rater chooses the most valuable employee on the list, crosses that name off the left-hand list, and puts at the top of the column on the right-hand side of the paper. The rater repeats the process for all names on the left hand side of the paper. Paired comparison ranking: suppose a rater is to evaluate six employees. The names of these individuals are listed on the left side of a sheet of paper. The rater then compares the first employee with the second employee on a chosen performance criterion, such as quantity of work; he then makes a mark on the first employees name if he produced more. He then compares the first employee with the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth employees on the same performance criterion. Forced distribution-In this method, the appraiser places a certain percentage of employees at various performance levels. It assumes performance in a group of employees is distributed according to a normal curve. Thus, the rater could place 60% of employees as meeting expectation; 20% as exceeding expectation, and 20% as not meeting expectations. Model of Attendance Your company wont suffer much from the occasional employee day off or sick day, but patterns of absences can create havoc in your work place. With several employees out of the office, production slows, or other employees may have to pick up the slack causing the quality of their work to suffer. While you cant prevent every absence, you can take steps to decrease the number of overall absences. Create an Attendance Policy Some employees may show up late or take several days off because they do not understand the companys stance on absences. You need a clear-cut attendance policy so every employee knows what you expect of him. Include reasons for acceptable absences, what you consider unacceptable and any disciplinary action or reduction in pay the employee may face after abusing holiday or sick days. Make sure every employee receives a copy of this policy. Have your supervisors monitor their employees and enforce the policy. Improve Morale If your office staff suffers from general low morale, employees will start to dread coming to work. This can increase absences throughout the staff. Spend time each week on boosting morale. Make sure every employee has regularly scheduled breaks throughout the day. Offer group lunches, prizes for completing projects or other incentives. Creating a positive environment that incorporates hard work with down time helps boost morale. Reduce Stress An employee can feel stressed in the workplace, especially if she has a large workload. High levels of stress can lead to avoidance, or even cause an illness. Both of which can lead to frequent absences. Make sure every employee has an even workload and can complete tasks given to them. Create teams to complete projects, rather than assigning one employee to the entire task. Reducing workloads and placing the right people with the right jobs will reduce stress levels in the office. Steers and Rhodes developed a model on absenteeism which according to Harrison and Martocchio, 1998 was deemed to be very influential and frequently cited in literatures about absenteeism within organizations. The model states that the capability of employees or workers to attend work is primarily dictated by how motivated as well as their ability to attend and perform their duties. These variables, ability and motivation have been thought to interact in a manner that an individual supposed ability to be present at work usually moderates his/her enthusiasm to attend work-what has been known as attendance relationship(Steers and Susan, 1978).The two further argued that personal characteristics or attributes which include sex(gender), tenure, family size, education, in addition to that, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, the ability to attend which encompass sickness, family responsibilities, accidents as well as transport problems, pressure to attend that include attendance reward system/incentives/bonuses, work group norms all either in isolation or in combination influence absenteeism of employees. It is worth to note that these were addition to their initial model developed in 1978 which only identified job satisfaction as the only specific significant factor affecting attendance motivation. From the diagram, attendance motivation is influenced by organizational practices, culture of absenteeism, attitude, values and goals of employees. Employees who are fully satisfied with their jobs do have strong loyalty to the organization and proud of it hence will desire to actively engage in activities to better the organization, and this is done by being present at work. REFERNCES Retrieved August 12, 2011, from World Wide Web http://smallbusiness.chron.com/things-improve-employee-work-attendance-19070.html Retrieved August 3, 2011, from World Wide Web (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Retrieved August 3, 2011, from, from World Wide Web http://www.businessballs.com/trainingprogramevaluation.htm Retrieved August 12, 2011, from, from World Wide Web http://managementhelp.org/training/basics/reasons-for-training.htm Daft, R. and Marcic, D. (2007). Management, The New Workplace. Ohio. USA: Thomson Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (1996). Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Prentice hall.