Bp Energy Company Focuses Primarily On Petroleum Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2771 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Executive Summary BP is an energy company that focuses primarily on petroleum, with a minor interest in alternative energy. However, due to recent accidents in the petroleum sector, the BP name has been blemished. With the finite supply of crude oil, it is also becoming necessary for an oil company to consider other investments. Because it has been successful in improving BPs reputation before, it may be strategic to reposition BP and place greater emphasis on alternative energy development. Although oil remains profitable, increasing public concerns of the negative environmental impacts and of the dependence on oil have changed the energy market. The alternative energy market is not as profitable as the oil industry, but an increasing need to invest in alternative energy makes it a potential market in the future.1 Recognizing this, BP entered the solar market in 1973.2 BP, however, does not gain a competitive advantage from its expertise in oil to help them succeed in the solar industry. It is impo rtant for BP, therefore, to consider whether it would be in their best interest to exit the solar industry, or whether BP has any competitive advantage to stay. This plan will show that BP can become the leader of the solar industry. It needs to, however, exit other alternative energy markets, educate the public and aggressively advertise, lobby the government, and invest in improving the technology of solar cells. Introduction The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, formed in 1908, was renamed The British Petroleum Company, shorten to BP, in 1954. In 1998, British Petroleum merged with Amoco and dropped the name British Petroleum to become known as simply BP.3 One of the worlds largest integrated oil concern; BP would adopt a surprising re-positioning strategy in 1997 when Lord John Browne, group chief executive, acknowledged that BP needed to address the threat of global warming. Distinguishing itself from other oil companies, BPs reputation benefited from this new position and had b een able to sustain this difference ever since. Although the oil industry is usually considered the bad guy, BP lead the list of Fortune magazines Global 100 companies on corporate responsibility with the tagline Beyond Petroleum, BP created the subsidiary BP Solar International that focused on solar energy. Due to the recent success of BP Solar, in 2005 BP invested $1.8 billion in BP Alternative Energy, which focused on hydrogen, solar, and wind power generation. BP p.l.c is a global oilÂÂ  andÂÂ  gasÂÂ  company headquartered inÂÂ  London, United Kingdom It is the third-largest energy company and fourth-largest company in the world measured by revenues and one of the six oil and gas super majors.ÂÂ  It isÂÂ  vertically integratedÂÂ  and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, includingÂÂ  explorationÂÂ  andÂÂ  production,ÂÂ  refining, distribution and marketing petrochemicalsÂÂ  powerÂÂ  and trading . It also has majorÂÂ  renewable energyÂÂ  activities, including inÂÂ  befouls,ÂÂ  hydrogen,ÂÂ  solarÂÂ  andÂÂ  wind power BP has operations in over 80 countries, produces around 3.8 millionÂÂ  barrelsÂÂ  per day and has 22,400 service stations worldwide.ÂÂ  Its largest division is BP America, which is the biggest producer of oil and gas in theÂÂ  United statesÂÂ  and is headquartered inÂÂ  Houston,ÂÂ  TexasÂÂ  As at 31 December 2009 it had total proven commercial reserves of 18.3 billion barrels of oil equivalent.]ÂÂ  The name BP derives from the initials of one of the companys former legal names, British Petroleum. BPs track record ofÂÂ  corporate social responsibility has been mixed. The company has been involved in a number of major environmental and safety incidents and received criticism for its political influence. Its primary listing is on the London stock exchangeÂÂ  and it is a constituent of theÂÂ  FTSE 100 index. It has a secondary listing on theÂÂ  New York Stock exchange Literature review Porter five forces model Entry As of now, the solar cell industry outlook is very different across geographical market sectors (se. Since the incentive to enter depends on the profitability of the venture in the sector, we will discuss each sector individually. The U.S. Market- The solar industry has not been promoted heavily in the United States due to the lack of enthusiasm of the national government. Efforts for solar panel installations, such as giving tax credits and property tax exemptions, are concentrated at the state level in selected states such as California and Arizona.12 Overall, the U.S. market is scattered so it is difficult to get a national business thriving. There are many small independent companies, but few major domestic players. Consequently, the U.S. does not have a large market share in PV cells production (see Figur e 5). Currently the market is unprofitable and does not encourage many new entrants. Even foreign companies that have experienced success in Japan and Germany are hesitant to break into the U.S. market; lack of familiarity in U.S. operations and uncertainty in demands dissuade them from devoting money for the high shipping costs and tariffs. However, BP already has a familiar base in the U.S. due to its expanding petroleum market; it has the potential to penetrate and develop a localized monopoly over the solar industry In addition, the Bush administration has just recently recognized the need to devote research and development into renewable energy; this provides hope that U.S. will be more receptive to solar energy in the future.13 The Germany Market- The market in Germany is more active and rapidly evolving. The photovoltaic solar cell industry is a very new and growing industry and is one that has the potential to encourage entrants readily. The government is in full support of this technology, especially with the Renewable Energy Act (EEG), which guarantees large payback rates to operators of photovoltaic installations. As the location for the largest trade fair for Europes solar technology, Germany can be assured to keep up with the innovations.14 As a result, there are many opportunities for entrants to come in with better innovation and win over the market. The potential for product differentiation is great because the technology has many far-reaching consequences: the products can target a variety of consumers, from designing large-scale solar panel systems used to generate electric power for firms focusing on the everyday consumer that can buy small solar appliances to use for the home. The major players in the market are just starting to emerge, but no one has yet a large enough corporation and production capacity to drive out smaller competitions by economies of scale. BP Solar has its base in the European market and can use its position as a la rge corporation to prevent entry. The Japan Market- The Japanese market is nearing its saturation point and that discourages entrants to the market. The demand for the product has increasing every year, with installations of PV panels in residential homes becoming more and more prevalent; so many companies have been attracted by the profitability. This led to a decrease in governmental rebates for these installations. Major players have developed in this market, mainly Sharp and Kyocera Solar, with sharp controlling the market share.15 A more general barrier to entry in all three market sectors is the scarcity of silicon. There is a global shortage of ultrapure polysilicon (the raw material for silicon wafers), which is a major component in the making of PV cells.16 Buyer and Supplier Bargaining Power The photovoltaic technology is not very well understood so there is a low concentration of consumer base. Nonetheless, due to the slow and limited production of the technol ogy, consumer demand still outpaced the supply. In 2005, 24 publicly traded solar companies sold out.17 As of now, buyers do not have much bargaining power due to the rarity of the product, but this will change as companies expand their manufacturing facilities and work towards mass production to bring down costs. On the other hand, the suppliers for the solar companies have a lot of bargaining power. The number of firms entering the solar industry business is increasing rapidly while the availability of supply is scarce. Even large firms have to wait up to 6 months for modules. As the firms frantically try to expand the product to meet the demand, they are faced with a shortage of silicon chips and modules, which lead to doubling of prices Companies such as BP, should devote research into using the silicon resources more efficiently to counter supplier bargaining power and lower manufacturing costs. Substitutes The major substitute for PV technology right now is the standard electricity produced by coal and natural gas. The threat from this substitute is great because it has been the main source of energy for household devices. The standard electricity is still much lower in cost than the PV cells so there is very little incentive for consumers to switch to solar technology. However, with development and research, firms are cutting the cost per watt of the PV cells by 5% a year and can continue to improve the cost to watt ratio significantly until it is comparable to that of standard electricity.18 Since natural gas and coal are limited in supply, their prices will eventually increase, causing demands for alternative energy sources such as solar cells to increase. However, solar cells are not the only alternative source for generating electricity. According to Energy Information Administration, solar only accounts for 0.2% of the renewable electricity produced in the United States. The biggest sector in the renewable energy area belongs to hydropower (7 5.2%).19 Hydropower plants, although more prevalent and cheap, have its shortcomings, including decreased water quality and negative effects upon natural wildlife habitats. Solar cells can play upon that weakness as one of the cleanest renewable energies currently known. Rivalry The current major players in this industry are Sharp, Kyocera Solar, Shell Solar and BP. Price rivalry is not significant amongst the firms because solar energy is already an expensive technology to produce. It will harm the industry to undercut prices, as the technology is not cheap and well understood enough that an increasing but small consumer demand will not compensate a reduction in price. In addition, the major players in the industry have separate geographical markets and not much overseas establishments. The high cost and the segregated consumer base minimize competition. Only with mass-production and increased popularity can price rivalry happen. Synergies A major problem with PV techno logy is the lack of electronic device compatible with the cells. Synergies can include selling adapters that allow the use of PV cells with household appliances. The solar company can also team up with other electronic corporations such as Sony to produce appliances that operate with PV cells. Other possible synergies are to integrate service with the product. Access to technical assistance is often a key for PV cell installations. Since it is a new technology, consumers will need a lot of guidance in installation and maintenance. BP has already incorporated service by providing installation and free check-ups with each purchase of its solar panels. C:UsersamitDownloadsimages.jpg SWOT Analysis Strengths One of BPs major strengths is that it is a major corporation with plenty of financial assets to back up its alternative energy research. In 2005, BP had profits of $22.341 billion.38 BP, relative to the small specialized alternative energy companies, has a great advantage as far as financial backing. BP has the capability to invest a great deal in research to improve alternative energy technology. BP recently signed a strategic joint venture to access Chinas expanding solar market and provide local manufacturing capacity.39 Since BP has been in the solar industry business for thirty years; it has the experience and is acquiring the technology it needs to be a major player in the solar industry. In 2004, the BP Solar business first became profitable. BP, with its Energy Max solar electric ground systems technology, which follows the path of the sun from east to west, maximizing the performance of the cells, provides for a good solar option to its customers. BP has provided a number of different companies and groups solar cells. In 2004, BP Solar provided the solar panels to a Whole Foods Inc. store in Edgewater, NJ, which became the first major retailer in the Northeast to use solar energy as a power source. BP provided the solar panels to the Uni ted States Marine Corps Air-Ground Combat center. Some other projects included the Lufthansa Terminal in the Munich, Germany airport and the Tennessee Valley Authority in Chattanooga, TN.41 BP has created a number of programs to increase public awareness of the need for solar energy. BP created the BP Solar Neighbours Program, where every time a celebrity has BP solar panels installed into their home, BP will donate a solar system to a low-income family living in South Central Los Angeles. BP has the opportunity to combine with celebrities to promote the use of solar cells. It also has the BP Solar Connection Program, which is designed to raise awareness in schools the immense benefits of clean alternative energy. Through programs like these, BP is increasing the awareness and therefore the demand of solar energy. BP Solar even donated panels to ABCs Emmy award-winning reality series Extreme-Makeover: Home Edition. Weaknesses Compared to alternative energy companies not in the oil industry, BP is at a disadvantage by its negative dirty oil image. In March of 2006, a major BP pipeline ruptured on the North Slope of Alaska spilling thousands of litters of crude oil into the Arctic Ocean. Accidents like these are negatively impacting the companies attempts to re-brand its image to a more environmentally friendly oil company. Environmentalists are calling BP out on the re-branding as just a way to green wash-giving a positive public image to unsound environmental practices-their public image. The BP brand is extremely strong for oil, but not nearly as much as it is for its alternative energy sector. The average person does not necessarily know that BP has entered into the solar energy market. Another major weakness of BP Solar is that the photovoltaic industry has very little in common with the petroleum industry. BP has perfected the ability to refine able to make chips, store energy in batteries and such. In entering the solar energy market, BP had n o competitive advantage over other companies to be able to use its vast knowledge in petroleum. Thus, it is extremely difficult for BP to create synergies between the oil side of the company and the solar side. Opportunities With its profits from oil, BP has a number of opportunities to invest and acquire more in the solar energy sector. BP has also begun to sell its photovoltaic cells and modules that provide power for homes at Home Depot. Currently, BP Solar has teamed up with Home Depot in offering a BP Solar Home Solutions in California, New Jersey, and Long Island, New York. The BP Solar Home Solution offers free in-home consultation, professional installation, and free six-month checkups. BP also offers a variety of services, such as someone who would help handle the paperwork, permitting application process, and rebates. The solar systems purchased include a five year full service warranty and a twenty five year limited warranty on the panels, which helps to reassure co nsumers on switching over to solar energy. BP can also sell to other home improvement stores such as Lowes and Ace. BP has a number of opportunities through the government to increase its profits. One such thing includes passing legislature that provides tax breaks to individuals and corporations that opt for alternative energy as a means of electricity. It can also encourage states like California, Arizona and Florida to pass a mandate that homes built after a certain year should be required to have some solar energy device. Though this would also be helping its rivals, it would still benefit BP Solar as well. BP has some opportunities to create synergies between the petroleum side of the business and the solar side. It can very well use solar energy to power its operations such as its business offices, plants, and even gas stations. If BP Solar improves the technology to make photovoltaic cells more cost efficient, it can very well create connections between the two sides of the company. Threats With many people realizing the need for alternative energy sources in the near future, there are a number of companies specializing in specific alternative energies, including specifically photovoltaic solar cells. BP, however, is extremely diversified and has its assets in a number of different products, with the obvious being oil, but in other alternative energies as well. The extreme diversification could possibly pose problems to BP in the future. Shell, another successful oil company has entered into the solar energy market, and it is currently one of the four major solar energy leaders along with BP Solar, Sharp, and Kyocera. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bp Energy Company Focuses Primarily On Petroleum Business Essay" essay for you Create order

The African Struggle Over Time - 1097 Words

The African struggle over time has been a topic discussed by many scholars. In Walter Rodney’s, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, he approaches the issue of how Africa’s power was stolen from them. Rodney focuses on the relationship between Africa and Europe and the effects of exploitation on the African people by, â€Å"reinforcing the conclusion that African development is possible only on the basis of a radical break with the international capitalist system.† The tone in which the book is wrote uses Marxism, which can be controversial, to focus more on economic and political theories. Rodney argues that if it wasn’t for this exploitation, African societies would not be impoverished today. Six chapters are used to explain the†¦show more content†¦In Chapter three Rodney focuses on the colonial period in which Africa helped develop the capitalist progression in Europe. â€Å"Colonialism was not merely a system of exploitation but one whose esse ntial purpose was to repatriate the profit to the so called mother land,† states Rodney. Chapter four gives an historical background of Africa in 1885 and emphasizes on the value that came from the enslavement of Africans. This time period holds a major significance to the underdevelopment of Africa because of the Berlin conference. Africa was then divided up due to the scramble in which Europeans fought over power. The fifth chapter argues that colonialism was the main factor in underveloping Africa as a whole. Rodney argues that colonialism only did one thing, and that was steal Africa’s resources and strip them of their land. Europeans took so much from the Africans and made sure to give nothing back which explains the type of relationship they had. In chapter six, Rodney argues against past scholars who believed that colonialism had valuable outcomes in the end. The author shows how the economic and political state Africa was left robbed due to colonialism, he then provides strategies to fight against the underdevelopment. It is clear that that Rodney is pushing his audience to understand that Europe should be held

Is Schizophrenia A Unique Mental Disorder - 1335 Words

One in four adults experience a mental health disorder every year. According to the Health Reference Series, schizophrenia affects 1.1% of the US population and the majority of those who suffer with schizophrenia go untreated or are unaware that they even have the disorder. Approximately 2,200,000 people in the United States suffer from schizophrenia, and they have a lifespan 20% shorter than those who do not have schizophrenia (Fentress, Moller 1). Schizophrenia is a unique mental disorder that is made up of distinctive characteristics, causes, signs and symptoms, and requires specific treatments. Blacks Medical Dictionary describes schizophrenia as â€Å"An overall title for a group of psychiatric disorders typified by disturbances in†¦show more content†¦Exposure to certain viruses, malnutrition during fetal development, and severe complications during childbirth can increase the chances of someone developing schizophrenia later in life (Richards 1). Stressful situations and environments during prenatal development may also be linked to this serious illness. According to Dr. Peter Buckley, exposure to infections in the womb such as Rubella and Toxoplasmosis can also increase the chances of someone developing this mental illness. Although a specific cause cannot be determined, neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and neuroelectrical abnormalities, or problems can be identified in people with this disease (Fentress, Moller 1). This makes is easier for the disease to be diagnosed and treated. In order for schizophrenia to be diagnosed, the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual requires two symptoms to be present for a substantial amount of time during a 30 day period. It also requires major areas of functioning to decrease, with continuous signs for at least six months (Fentress, Moller 1). Three different types of symptoms characterize schizophrenia: positive, negative, and cognitive (Richards 1). Positive symptoms refer to an exaggeration of brain function. This can be characterized by unusual thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions. Hallucinations are things a person sees, hears, smells or feels that no other person can. Hearing â€Å"voices† is the most common

An Important Day to Remember - Personal Writing Essay

An Important Day to Remember - Personal Writing Four years of my life (including two at playschool) had finally culminated in a very exciting day for me - my first day at school. Waking up on that Monday morning however, I had no idea just how exciting it was going to beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Two years of my brothers stories about school were fresh in my mind, some sounded amazing, but some were downright scary - like the myth surrounding many schools - something about bullies, heads and toilet flushing. Nevertheless, I could barely wait to go. Looking back I cant believe I wasnt more apprehensive about the first day. Sure, there was nervousness and tension, but the sheer thought of going to what seemed like†¦show more content†¦My first ever school lesson came and went with little in between. The simplest arithmetic you could imagine was explained in extreme detail by the teacher. I was amazed at how much other people were struggling - I came to the conclusion that most had not been granted the maths books that I had occupied for the past two years. It was then time for lunch - which is when it happened. The incident which I still remember vividly to this day. The one thing lasting less than one second which turned this day from enjoyable to, wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ unenjoyable. I was walking from the lower half of the school to the upper half which is where the lunch hall was. I was still talking heatedly to people about the days eventfulness, when an unprovoked attack from a wasp caught me right underneath the eye. It was very painful. Very VERY painful. I was taken to First Aid and my parents were informed. I stayed there for the entirety of the lunch break and into the afternoon lesson. When I rejoined the group I sat down in silence. I wasnt in the same mood that I was in in the morning - I was more embarrassed by what happened now that the pain had gone. 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Importance of National Income Free Essays

A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI* adjusted for natural resource depletion). All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within some â€Å"boundary†. The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship, and may also restrict the goods and services that are counted. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of National Income or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, some measures count only goods and services that are exchanged for money, excluding bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by imputing monetary values to them. National accounts Main article: National accounts Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like a country entails a large amount of data-collection and calculation. Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century,[2] the systematic keeping of national accounts, of which these figures are a part, only began in the 1930s, in the United States and some European countries. The impetus for that major statistical effort was the Great Depression and the rise of Keynesian economics, which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy, and made it necessary for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could proceed as well-informed as possible. [edit]Market value Main article: Market value In order to count a good or service, it is necessary to assign value to it. The value that the measures of national income and output assign to a good or service is its market value – the price it fetches when bought or sold. The actual usefulness of a product (its use-value) is not measured – assuming the use-value to be any different from i ts market value. Three strategies have been used to obtain the market values of all the goods and services produced: the product (or output) method, the expenditure method, nd the income method. The product method looks at the economy on an industry-by-industry basis. The total output of the economy is the sum of the outputs of every industry. However, since an output of one industry may be used by another industry and become part of the output of that second industry, to avoid counting the item twice we use not the value output by each industry, but the value-added; that is, the difference between the value of what it puts out and what it takes in. The total value produced by the economy is the sum of the values-added by every industry. The expenditure method is based on the idea that all products are bought by somebody or some organisation. Therefore we sum up the total amount of money people and organisations spend in buying things. This amount must equal the value of everything produced. Usually expenditures by private individuals, expenditures by businesses, and expenditures by government are calculated separately and then summed to give the total expenditure. Also, a correction term must be introduced to account for imports and exports outside the boundary. The income method works by summing the incomes of all producers within the boundary. Since what they are paid is just the market value of their product, their total income must be the total value of the product. Wages, proprieter’s incomes, and corporate profits are the major subdivisions of income. [edit]The output approach The output approach focuses on finding the total output of a nation by directly finding the total value of all goods and services a nation produces. Because of the complication of the multiple stages in the production of a good or service, only the final value of a good or service is included in the total output. This avoids an issue often called ‘double counting’, wherein the total value of a good is included several times in national output, by counting it repeatedly in several stages of production. In the example of meat production, the value of the good from the farm may be $10, then $30 from the butchers, and then $60 from the supermarket. The value that should be included in final national output should be $60, not the sum of all those numbers, $90. The values added at each stage of production over the previous stage are respectively $10, $20, and $30. Their sum gives an alternative way of calculating the value of final output. Formulae: GDP(gross domestic product) at market price = value of output in an economy in the particular year – intermediate consumption NNP at factor cost = GDP at market price – depreciation + NFIA (net factor income from abroad) – net indirect taxes[3] [edit]The income approach The income approach equates the total output of a nation to the total factor income received by residents or citizens of the nation. The main types of factor income are: Employee compensation (cost of fringe benefits, including unemployment, health, and retirement benefits); Interest received net of interest paid; Rental income (mainly for the use of real estate) net of expenses of landlords; Royalties paid for the use of intellectual property and extractable natural resources. All remaining value added generated by firms is called the residual or profit. If a firm has stockholders, they own the residual, some of which they receive as dividends. Profit includes the income of the entrepreneur – the businessman who combines factor inputs to produce a good or service. How to cite Importance of National Income, Essay examples

Maritime Law for Regulations and Relationship -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMaritime Law for Regulations and Relationship. Answer: Introduction International law can be divided into both public and private international law. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of public international law and conflict of laws (private international law) in the light of Maritime law. Maritime law is derived from both public international land and private international law and thus is related to them. In addition Maritime law is different from other forms of law. The paper discusses the features of both public and private international law. Public International Law Public International law is define as a set of provisions which are generally accepted and considered as binding with respect to the relationship between nations and states. Through this form of law a stable and organized framework with respect to international relation is established. Public international law is primarily applicable towards governing the relationship between states rather than individuals (Malanczuk 1997). Public international law is primarily based on consent governance. This signifies that the states do not have an obligation to mandatorily comply with the provisions of this law unless they have expressly consented to the compliance. This is because all states are sovereign and imposing and law on them would compromise with the situation. There are few aspects of international law which is not consent based and the states have mandatory obligations to comply with them, these include peremptory norms and customary international law. Maritime law as stated by Hill a nd Kulkarni (2017) is a bit different from other forms of law. As stated by Maraist et al. (2016) along with domestic statues and case laws various aspects of maritime law are also taken from public international law (White 2014). International law is derived from customs, treaties and international conventions. Through public international law the criteria and framework for the purpose of indentifying states in from of the primary factor in international legal system is set out. The few areas with which public international law deals in the light of state presupposes jurisdiction and control over territory are state immunity, acquisition of territory and the responsibility the states have towards each other legally. Thus in the same way as maritime law is derived from private international law the application of public international law working of maritime law is also of the same significance. There are multiple sectors which public international law governs such as international human rights law, international trade law, international environment law, international humanitarian law, international criminal law and law of the seas. There is a relationship between international law and domestic law which is to be viewed as consisting of symbiosis and cooperation. In this situation doctrines and concepts which have been created by domestic law has to be identified by international law as well and in the same way the provisions of the international law has to be applied in domestic law as well. Thus domestic law decision has to be taken into consideration by the international courts. In addition national domestic law is also derived from the provision of international law. Domestic law is at times framed in a manner which would ensure compliance with public international law provision. Thus in the situation where there is a clear relationship between public international law and domestic law and were maritime law is also directly related to private international law, there is a clear relationship between public international law and maritime law (Maraist et al. 2016). The features of public international law are as follows It is the law which governs relationship between states rather than individuals Its purpose is to ensure the immunity of states, peace and govern the responsibilities which states have towards one another It sets out a legal framework to address a situation of dispute between states The law is not binding unless it has been consented to by the states unless it is a custom or peremptory norms Conflict of laws The term conflict of law and private international law are the terms which are used in an interchangeable manner which govern relationship across various legal jurisdictions between individuals and at times other organizations. Conflict of law can also be defined as a set of procedural law provisions which are used to identify the legal system and the jurisdiction which would be applicable for the purpose of governing the dispute (Fawcett Carruthers 2008). Conflict of law is primarily applicable in situation where the dispute consists of a foreign element. Thus conflict of law or private international law can be stated to be a branch of international law and international interstate law by which all legal proceedings in relation to a foreign law factor is controlled. The situation of conflict of law arises from a state where the final result of a legal issue is depending upon the law which is to be made applicable and the manner in which the common law courts resolves the conflict a rising between the laws. However, it has to be noted that private international law is also a part of domestic law which is different from country to country (Mortensen, Garnett Keyes 2015). The existence of various legal rules which are often subjected to variance makes the concept of conflict of laws highly important. When courts face an issue in relation to the conflict of laws they have two choices. The court can apply to the dispute the law of forum (lex fori) which is mostly done when what law is to be applied is a procedural question, or the court has the option of applying the law of site of the transaction which means the occurrence through which the litigation is initiated (Lex Loci). When the matter is substantive this is option is mostly selected by the courts as the governing law. In case of maritime transactions mostly the parties and companies who are involved belong to a different country and thus the conflict of law situation is often brought into the context. Thus public international law deals with states and private international law deals with individuals and artificial persons. However public international law is indirectly applicable on individuals and artificial persons as well. Public international law is consistent and is same for all those who accept it. However in relation to private international law a conflict of law situation takes place and application of law is done based on the above discussed rules. A person can take an action in relation to a maritime dispute in rem or in personam which means in public or in private. The claim can be in relation to the overall law which affects the maritime community or only the person who has been affected because of an issue (Cremean 2015). Conclusion Thus from the above discussion it is clear that Maritime law has a clear relationship with Public international law and private international law. The states do not have an obligation to mandatorily comply with the provisions of this law unless they have expressly consented to the compliance. This is because all states are sovereign and imposing and law on them would compromise with the situation other than laws which arise from customs. The existence of various legal rules which are often subjected to variance makes the concept of conflict of laws highly important. When courts face an issue in relation to the conflict of laws they have two choices which are to apply to the dispute the law of forum (lex fori), or the court has the option of applying the law of site of the transaction (Lex Loci). References Cremean, DJ 2015, Admiralty jurisdiction law and practice: Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia, 4th edn, Federation Press, New South Wales, pp. 2028. Fawcett, J Carruthers, JM 2008, Cheshire, North Fawcett private international law, 14th edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 310 1618. Hill, C. and Kulkarni, Y., 2017. Maritime law. Taylor Francis. Maraist, F.L., Galligan Jr, T.C., Maraist, C.M. and Sutherland, D.A., 2016. Cases and Materials on Maritime Law. West Academic. Mortensen R, Garnett R Keyes M 2015, Private international law in Australia, 3rd edn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood, Australia, pp. 47-71, 89-107 415-429 White, M 2014, Australian maritime law, 3rd edn, Federation Press, New South Wales, pp. 140

Modern Technology a Boon or Embargo

Question: Discuss about the Modern Technology a Boon or Embargo. Answer: Introduction A healthy body is a universal need. The World with bulge bellies has made exercise and workout as an important part of life. Extra fat is stigmata in society altogether. WHO defined overweight and obesity as, abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health Body mass index is a simple index of weight for height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. The basic cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. Unhealthy lifestyle, increase intake of dense food has let the world in a state of health emergency. The impact of obesity has increased over time (2).With the world being overweight, health industry particularly gyms and fitness training centers are on their way to flourish. Carrying extra weight does not only hamper the physical life of a person but also affect his mental and social life to large extend. Being healthy is somehow defined as looking in a certain way, skinny, toned with no or little fat. The fat has to shed or melted in any case. Modern technology gym provides all necessities for weight loss. According to the ACE report, every 2nd American adult is categorised as obese or overweight. So gym industry is at rescue and help people to decrease their waistline. Modern gym industries help people to remain healthy and work with strategies. A number of gyms are opened on a daily basis. Some health professional include exercise and fitness in their prescription. Incorporation of physical activity into life provides various physiological and social benefits. Physical motion plans have become one of the major parts of healthy life, less we know about the specific fitness program. Modern fitness centers are designed to help public every time. This paperwork focuses on the qualitative research work emphasizing on the health system and fitness training centers. The work is done on the intervention of well-equipped modern technology in the fitness centers and their impact on the health of people. Literature Review The keep fit fashion is not new. It is return to the natural path of life. During ancient days people used to do physical activity as their daily routine of activity. The natural way of human bodys adaptation is profound in itself. Our bodies are planned and designed in such a way that physical activity is a must for appropriate functioning of biochemistry and physiology. If we observe from ancient world, we observe that people were serious about their health care regime. The activities were inculcated in culture and daily life of societies around the globe. In ancient China during 3000 to 1000 B.C., people believed that humanity was key to prevention and that key to prevention was key to long life. Slowly this concept got dominated in the society and gave rise to various philosophies. These philosophies with time lead to various art form incorporated with different physical activities. Various examples like Tai chi chuan, a graceful body movement exist till now and is performed and used around the globe. In Indiana working out is known as essential principles of daily life. Ancient Vedas has mentioned the importance of physical exercise as critical to life. The ancient script got converted to the cultural routine of families gave birth of famous Indian mind and body exercise yoga. Yoga includes brief series of stretching and flexibility. Todays world embraced yoga as modern fitness method efficiently. The modern world has become a technology hub. New and efficient technology has made our life a better as well as easier to live. At the same time, easier life has decreased the physical activities of human being. It has become a problem in the world. To be fit is a gem in todays era. It is most influential as well as the necessity of life. The changing lifestyle of adults, teenagers and elderly has made health reason to worry. With 68% American population obese or overweight (3) and 112000 deaths across the USA, promoting weight loss is a public emergency. In his light, ample of fitness centers and gyms have emerged over time. Higher health cost has further bloomed the fitness training centers. Further fitness has become a tag for social acceptance. .Media and advertising industry have played a prevalent role in this shift towards being fit. The contemporary definition of fitness of a person also has various angles. Usually skinny and toned body is considered as fit, and extra fat on the body is categorised as unfit. This particular concept helped to flourish gymnasium industry at a high rate. With new technology daily upgrading the market gym industry has also used ample of methods to incorporate fitness methods. Technology has changed the outlook on fitness. In ancient time people used to run for hours, today we run according to the calories burned with the time. So for one thing that technology has helped is specific ways to maintain fit. We maintain our life style.Thetermgym is always accompanied with the word health, fitness, and exercise. These fitness centers equipped with modern scientific technology is creating a new impact on public life. A study conducted provides the first evaluation of a newly engineered type of commitment device, a temptation bundling device. In this study, exercise was bundled with tempting audio novels and found that the attendance of gym was increased by 51 percent. (4). .An another study conducted positive attitude of gym membership and intention to join gym has given a result that positive attitude to join gym depends on factors like mem bership, pressure to join due to media and advertisement(5). Gym operators need to be updated with modern and scientific instruction. Gym operators needs to be updated with modern and scientific areas. In a feedback for a wearable technology that sense squats below parallel has potential to improve to share information and to coaches to provide feedback to athletes and other coaches.(6) So technology has enable people to get feedbacks and results. This helped to provide motivation for the clients and advertisement for the gym operators. Since gym and modern technology are gel together so constructively that today we cannot think of working without treadmill or running without earplugs in our head. The technology has of course double-edged sword. It saves time and keep track on healthy life style also. E.g. Pedometers help to count and keep check on the number of steps taken throughout the day. Studies reveal that pedometers based walk has increased daily based physical activity and with no loss of time. Pedometer handlers increase their physical activity by 27 % (7). A Pedometer-based walking plan are usually significant and effective. It help to raise a competitive environment to the person and help to motivate for more physical exercise. Other than pedometer, accelerometers is also one of the positive creation to the world of being fit. In a study accelerometers indicated data that less than 5% of adults in the United States engaged in 30 min per day of moderate exercise, 5 to 7 days per week.(7). The study shows that the updated technology can give a friendly as well as can take the business away from the gym operators. The various work done in due course of time on gym and technology has given positive as well as negative effect of technology on the gym. Our work done weather gym and technology go hand in hand or weather new technology is just taking the gymnasium industry toward backward shift. Data analysis show most of the members come to gym for weight loss (8). But with technology in hand people prefer to control their fitness routine themselves according to their own ease. Technological backup and gym as industry has a different relation .It goes in hand in hand only to some extent. It becomes a competitor afterwards. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all adults get at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise five days a week. Gym can be good way to do follow a routine workouts but at the same time personal trainers and machine help people to do workout within their home. To gym helps people to take time and socialise. It enhances social life by putting you in regular group of people. One can sleep peacefully and more sleep means more energy and a more even mood. At a same time one lose weight and will feel good. With use of various technology on personal basis we can get fit but additional benefit of social life will be missed. Other factors which makes going to gym rather than personal work out are better use of technology, getting fit under professional trainer. Effective training and low cost maintenance has also made gym a better option than working out at home. It provide efficient use of machines under professionals On the other side working out at home has also benefits. One can control their own routine. There are effective less chances of infections and disease. One has less reasons to cancel its working out session. Be it a cold or hot exercise will not be effected. More effective result in short span of time has also been observed with personal trainer. Use of internet as trainer has also a profound reason for working out at home. There is also no membership fees for month. There are less confusion and more freedom to do workout. Since effective working out can or cannot be with gym. Conclusion Our study which is basically done on literary analysis. The study shows that gym and modern technology can effect positively as well as negative on the society. People going to gym has increased in some part of the world and at the same time has decreased in other part of the world. Gym as industry need to maintain its standard by using innovative methods. Providing different facilities may help to maintain its standard. Including diet professional, physiotherapist and dermatologist can help gym operators to move in more clients. We further worked on the questionnaire made by us for future study. Further study is based on interview of three different people connected to the fitness centre. We can work on paper by interviewing gym instructor, a regular client of gym. Question can be 1 How do you find ways to keep people motivated coming to gym in this technology freak era? (Gym instructor) 2 How do you want modern technology can improve fitness training? (client) 3 How effective it is to go to gym rather than working out at home? On the basis of above study we can here make a scope for further research on maintaining balance use of technology by gym operators. Regulation of gym, being inclusive and work more than just losing weight, operating with reference with hospitals and going for innovative methods will help gym industry to work smoothly .We wind our work with a series of thoughts and a gateway for research in the field of fitness and technology. References Department of health World health organisation. BBC, health article, Weekend exercise alone has significant health benefits Culn, A.L., Finken, S. and Bratteteig, T., 2013. Design and interaction in a smart gym: cognitive and bodily mastering. In Human Factors in Computing and Informatics (pp. 609-616). Milkman, K.L., Minson, J.A. and Volpp, K.G., 2013. Holding the Hunger Games hostage at the gym: An evaluation of temptation bundling. Management science, 60(2), pp.283-299. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Leeman, O. and Ong, J.S., 2008. Lost and Found Again: Subjective Norm in Gym Membership. DLSU Business Economics Review, 18(1). Oakes, K., Siek, K.A. and MacLeod, H., 2015, May. Musclememory: identifying the scope of wearable technology in high intensity exercise communities. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (pp. 193-200). ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering). Vividen Heyward, 6th edition Excerpts from Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription, Human kinetics. DR?GAN, A.A., 2013. segmenting and profiling fitness club customers: a case study. Review of Management Economic Engineering, 12(1).

Human errors in Korean A300B4-622R plane crash free essay sample

Accident analysis is the process undertaken in order to establish the causes of accidents in order to prevent similar kinds of accidents from occurring in future.   Crew failures and crew resource management have increasingly lead to more crashes than mechanical problems. In August of 1994 a Korean airbus A300B4-622R overrun the runaway and caught fire after disagreements between the pilot and the co-pilot.   No passenger was hurt as they were all evacuated through the cockpit windows but the air craft was totally written off.   I hereby put down an insight of the accident highlighting the poor CRM and human factors that greatly lead to this accident To begin with the communication process was very poor.   The co-pilot doubt about the length of the runaway indicate that there was inadequate briefing on the landing conditions of the destination.   The co-pilot, to add to that, lacks inquiry qualities in that he does not ask about the length of the runaway but instead decides that his decision of it being inadequately long is correct. We will write a custom essay sample on Human errors in Korean A300B4-622R plane crash or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page    Lacks self critique is evident by deciding to go round without involving the pilot which eventually results to the crash.   He pulls back the yoke saying â€Å"go round† to the captain who responds by saying â€Å"get your hands off .get off!†.   In addition, there is lack of common decision in the length of the runway, to go round or to proceed landing which leads to the crash that could have otherwise been prevented (Weir, A. 1999,   pp.55-123). Secondly, team building and maintenance is absent evidenced by the co-pilot deciding to act on a different line compared to the pilot.   The pilot sees no sense to explain or answer the co-pilots question as he is asked severally on whether to go round.   Interpersonal relationship between the pilot and the co-pilot are also very poor as the co-pilot is not ready to obey the pilot on the landing of the plane on the runaway.   The follower ship concept is fully absent with the pilot inability to put commands and the other crew following the instructions for safe landing of the plane. According to Weir (1999), the work load is poorly managed, within the crew in the plane.   To begin with, they do not have enough information on the landing particulars of the runaway.   They have not been either briefed or the whole data is totally unavailable which prompts the co-pilot to conclude that according to him the runaway is insufficient for the air bus to land.   The workload distribution, in addition is not coherent as it is not clear who is supposed to asses the runaway suitability for the plane to land. Weir (1999) adds that, team coordination is fully lacking with poor decision making by the co-pilot and the pilot regarding the landing of the plane due to the length of the runaway.   The co-pilot solely decided that the runaway will not be sufficient for the air bus to land.   There is poor coordination of the actions which pilot and the co-pilot takes as little information is given by any of the two the his colleague. The pilot tells the co-pilot to get off his hands while the co-pilot decides   not to land.   The co-pilot defied the pilots decision by deciding not to follow his orders and grabbed the throttles, pulled back the yoke ready to go round making the plane to move beyond the runaway and crashing before catching fire.   This shows the clear inability of the co-pilot to make proper estimates of the landing distance required for their plane to land. Cultural effects are also to blame for the Korean Airbus crash in 1994.   The Korean pilot without explaining to the co-pilot, may have been undermining him culturally as it is seen by him just giving orders and ignoring his questions.   The co-pilot on the other hand wanted prove himself not culturally inferior by being Asian, therefore proceeded to act without regarding his orders.   From the cultural background, the arrogant co-pilot shows disregard his Canadian pilot without clear premises of why actually they should not land. Conclusion This plane crash could have simply been avoided if only the human error could have been reduced.   The plane was in good conditions but lack of proper crew resource management system was the key to the crash thereby endangering the large number of people and the high investment alongside threatening the reputation of the countrys airline.   The CRM through re-code events helps in the analysis of the accidents resulting from the crew behavior and the overall human error.   Knowledge of all underlying accident factors is necessary with specific investigation very important in the whole final decisions making. References Weir, A. (1999). The Tombstone Imperative: The truth about air safety. London: Simon and Schuster.